以太坊的“DA黎明”:Fusaka 升级如何让 Celestia 和 Avail 显得“多余”?

marsbit2025-12-06 tarihinde yayınlandı2025-12-07 tarihinde güncellendi

在加密领域,我们见证了无数宏大构想的兴起与陨落。许多团队试图瓜分以太坊的市场份额,理由总是千篇一律:基础链不够好——太贵、太慢、不可扩展,或者对开发者限制太多。最近的例子包括推出独立稳定币 Layer-1 (L1) 的 Plasma,以及主打高吞吐量 EVM L1 的 Monad。

但随着时间的推移,以太坊一次次证伪了这些指控。“合并”(The Merge)升级证明了以太坊确实可以过渡到权益证明(PoS);“坎昆”(Dencun)升级则打破了 Rollup(帮助以太坊网络减负的 Layer-2 扩容方案)永远因成本过高而无法扩展的论调。

上周四,以太坊正式启动了 Fusaka 升级,有力地挑战了“以太坊无法满足高吞吐量 Rollup 需求”这一叙事——而这正是许多模块化区块链赖以生存的前提。

Celestia

在今天的故事中,我们将探讨模块化区块链的本质,以及 Fusaka 升级带来了哪些改变。

2023 年底,一个对分布式系统有着深刻理解的团队提出了“模块化区块链”的概念,即构建一个由三个模块化组件组成的区块链:执行(execution)、结算(settlement)和数据可用性(data availability)。这个团队就是 Celestia

Celestia 网络的设计初衷是提供其中一块拼图:数据可用性(DA)。DA 的核心在于证明数据已发布到网络上。因此,当一条链产生新区块时,节点通过下载所有数据来验证 DA。

Celestia

Celestia 的想法是,通过利用现有基础设施公司的“拼图碎片”,让任何人都能更容易地启动区块链。项目方可以选择 Arbitrum Orbit 进行执行,选择以太坊进行结算,或许选择 Celestia、EigenDA 或 Avail DA 来满足数据可用性需求。

Celestia 最初的赌注是:2023 年以太坊的低吞吐量和高 Gas 成本,使其无法适配那些对 DA 有高吞吐量需求的 Rollup。

当时,Rollup 在以太坊上的利润率微薄。团队往往只能保留其产生费用的 20% 左右,在某些情况下,他们支付的结算费用甚至超过了从用户那里赚取的收入。随后的 Dencun 和 Pectra 升级改变了这一公式,降低了结算成本并改善了 Rollup 运营商的经济状况。

Celestia

Dencun 升级引入了一个名为 Blobs 的新空间来存储 Rollup 数据,取代了之前使用的“calldata”。Blob 比 calldata 便宜约 95%。Dencun 升级是让 Rollup 成本更可负担的第一步。

紧接着是 Pectra。这次升级增加了每个区块的 Blob 数量。如果说第一步是为 Rollup 数据开辟独立空间,那么第二步就是增加其容量。随着 Pectra 的实施,目标被提高到每个区块 6 个 Blob。

Rollup 将节省下来的成本让利给了用户。结果是 L2 交易成本大幅降低,从 50 美分降至约 3-4 美分。

Celestia

Celestia 的愿景是将数据可用性与执行分离,通过减少底层 L1 的负载来实现区块链的轻松扩容。它希望看到的未来是:在一个单一的 DA 层之上运行多个 Rollup。

虽然“多个 Rollup”的愿景成真了,但这个市场被以太坊捕获了。这些升级使以太坊受益匪浅,它为超过 55 个 Rollup 提供了 DA 解决方案,并承载了超过 400 亿美元的总锁仓价值(TVL)。

与此同时,DA 层如今却在为采用率而苦苦挣扎。在过去 24 小时内,Celestia 仅赚取了 67 美元的日费用,处理了 1600 个 Blob;相比之下,以太坊处理了 41,000 个 Blob。

Celestia

@L2Beat

这些数字很快就会显得像“小儿科”。

随着以太坊最新的 Fusaka 升级,链上已实施了 PeerDAS,这是一种新的数据采样方法,显著提高了验证数据可用性的效率。

每个节点检查微小的、随机的数据碎片,并集体确保网络拥有完整数据。通过采样,以太坊将容量从今天的约 6 个 Blob 目标提高到了每个区块约 10-15 个 Blob,并且这种机制允许未来在不需要硬分叉的情况下逐步增加每个区块的 Blob 数量。Blob 容量将在一个月后翻倍,并随着时间的推移从每个区块 10 个逐渐增加到 128 个。所有这一切的发生,都无需强迫家庭质押者(小型验证者)升级他们的硬件

区块空间供应的增加降低了 Blob 价格和 L2 运营成本,使得维持一个盈利的 L2 变得更加容易。

这让我想起了 2023 年,当时 Avail 和 Celestia 等 DA 链会发布对比表,展示其吞吐量数据优于以太坊的 EIP-4844 Denarius 升级。那时 DA 层的吞吐量数据相比以太坊的近期未来确实巨大。然而,随着 Fusaka 升级,以太坊有望达到每个区块 128 个 Blob 的上限,这大约是 16MB/区块,是 Celestia 目前提供容量的两倍

Celestia

@Availproject

Fusaka 标志着以太坊的一个重要里程碑。该链成功扩展了其交易容量,且没有通过提高硬件要求来挤出家庭质押者,从而避免了网络中心化。

Fusaka 是对以太坊迈向“以 Rollup 为中心”未来的庆祝。从 2023 年 L2 交易价格与其他交易持平,到今天的 PeerDAS Blob,网络已经走过了漫长的道路。

令人惊讶的是,PeerDAS 只是此次历史性升级中实施的 13 个 EIP(以太坊改进提案)之一。除了 PeerDAS,Fusaka 还包括 Gas 上限的增加,并引入了受执行成本限制的 Blob 基础费用(Base fee),确保 Blob 费用不会跌至零。因此,这可能会增加验证者每个 Blob 的收入。

Rollup 现在拥有了一个更可预测、可扩展的数据层,消除了在用量高峰期网络不堪重负的恐惧。这种稳定性给了团队专注于基础设施升级的空间:他们可以去中心化排序器,试验更低延迟的设计,并推动更流畅的用户体验,而无需担心 DA 成本会突然反噬他们。

不过值得注意的是,Fusaka 之后的 Blob 容量从每个区块 10 个开始,预计只能通过内置的网络机制每月翻倍。这些月度增长能否顺利推出,将是对 PeerDAS 实践的真正考验。Blob 定价也是如此。虽然新的价格底线加强了验证者激励,但对 Rollup 用户体验的影响尚不完全清楚。

在接下来的几个月里,我将关注 Fusaka 对 Rollup 及其用户体验产生的有趣的二阶效应。一旦我有更新,我会回来分享。

在那之前,享受这个假日季。

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