如果到 12 月还没有数据,那美联储只能「闭眼降息」了?

深潮2025-10-28 tarihinde yayınlandı2025-10-29 tarihinde güncellendi

美国政府停摆令美联储陷入「数据真空」,或被迫在缺乏关键就业与通胀信息的情况下作出 12 月利率决策。

撰文:张雅琦

来源:华尔街见闻

美国政府的持续停摆正将美联储推向一个异常艰难的处境。如果关键的就业和通胀数据在 12 月议息会议前仍然缺失,政策制定者可能被迫在信息「真空」中做出关键的利率决策,这大大增加了他们依据既定鸽派路径「闭眼降息」的可能性。

据追风交易台消息,根据美银在 10 月 28 日发布的一份报告,美联储在 12 月会议时「两眼一抹黑」的情景正变得越来越现实。报告指出,不仅政府停摆的结束尚无进展,即便政府重新开门,数据流恢复正常也可能需要数月之久。

这种数据的缺失加剧了 FOMC 内部早已存在的分歧。一个可能包括主席鲍威尔在内的鸽派阵营,或将坚持其在 9 月利率「点阵图」中暗示的降息路径。然而,委员会中的鹰派成员很可能在缺乏经济疲软新证据的情况下,反对年内第三次降息。

对于投资者而言,这种前所未有的不确定性让 12 月会议的风险陡增。最终的政策决定可能不再取决于最新的经济指标,而是更多地依赖于一个分裂的委员会在旧有预期和新风险之间的权衡,这可能导致届时出现鹰派和鸽派双双投出反对票的局面,给市场预期带来更大变数。

数据缺失或加剧内部分歧

美银的分析认为,9 月份的 FOMC 会议已经暴露出决策者在评估劳动力市场下行风险方面存在深刻分歧。当时,一个微弱的多数派认为,这些风险足以支持年内至少降息 75 个基点。

在缺乏新数据的情况下,该鸽派团体很可能会推动兑现 9 月点阵图的预期。报告称,一些鸽派成员甚至可能认为,长期的政府停摆本身就放大了经济活动的下行风险,从而成为支持降息的又一理由。

然而,委员会中的鹰派力量不容忽视。9 月点阵图显示,有七名 FOMC 参与者仅支持年内降息一次。美国银行认为,这个阵营包括了 Barr、Goolsbee、Musalem 和 Schmid 这四名票委。虽然他们预计不会在本周的会议上就降息提出异议,但在 12 月推动第三次降息,对他们而言可能「太过头了」,尤其是在州一级报告的失业救济申请人数保持区间稳定的情况下。这增加了 12 月会议出现至少一名鹰派反对票的风险,此外,鸽派成员 Miran 也可能投下反对票。

数据恢复时间决定政策路径

美联储 12 月的最终决策,将高度依赖于政府停摆何时结束以及经济数据能在多大程度上追赶上日程。美银对此进行了几种情景推演。

情景一:11 月底前获得一份「过时」的 9 月就业报告。 如果政府在 11 月底前重开,那么市场应该能在 12 月会议前看到 9 月份的就业报告。报告认为,一份疲软的数据将降低鹰派投出反对票的风险,但即便数据强劲,也不太可能说服鲍威尔暂停降息,因为这份报告将被视为「过时的」。

情景二:11 月初获得 9 月和 10 月两份就业报告。 如果停摆能在 11 月初结束,让劳工统计局(BLS)有机会在 12 月会议前发布两份报告,情况将变得更加复杂。在这种情况下,如果失业率保持在 4.3% 的平稳水平,且 9 月至 10 月的经济活动数据足够稳健,那么 12 月「暂停降息」将成为一个可能的选项。

情景三:数据完全追赶,获得三份就业报告。 最理想的情况是,政府很快结束停摆,劳工统计局同时进行 10 月和 11 月的调查,从而在 12 月会议前发布 9 月、10 月和 11 月全部三份就业报告。在这种情况下,美银提出了一个决策的经验法则:11 月失业率低于或等于 4.3%,将使美联储在 12 月维持利率不变;而失业率高于或等于 4.5%(与美联储经济预测摘要 SEP 的预期一致),则将促使其降息。如果失业率落在 4.4% 的中间地带,12 月的决定将是一次「势均力敌的抉择」,并将取决于包括通胀在内的更广泛数据流。

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