稳定币新战场:Stripe 和 Circle 的 Layer 1 之争

深潮2025-08-12 tarihinde yayınlandı2025-08-13 tarihinde güncellendi

这不是速度与功能之争,而是“开放协议”与“品牌铁轨”的再选择。

作者:Charlie

一天两条稳定币 Layer 1,震动了整个 crypto 和 fintech 界。

Stripe 的“Tempo”从隐身状态被曝出,Circle 则在财报节奏中官宣“Arc”。

表面上看,都是为支付而优化的公链。

但底层逻辑完全不同:一个是掌握商户和开发者分发能力的支付服务商,另一个是 USDC 的发行方,正尝试把一枚稳定币升级为一套网络。

L1 与 L2 之争

先回答最直白的问题:为什么不学 Coinbase(Base),或者像 Robinhood 一样做 规划自己的L2?

如果你的优势在于分发、在于把海量存量用户和商户“一键迁移”到链上,那么 L2 是最顺手的解法。

继承以太坊安全性与工具生态,快速启动,顺带拿到排序器经济学红利。

Base 的崛起,技术并不惊艳,关键在 Coinbase 的流量入口与应用整合。这套方法论已经被验证。

那为什么 Stripe 和 Circle 都在谈 L1?

因为“支付链”正在成为独立赛道。

以 Tether 为中心的一批 L1 (Stable 和 Plasma)正在推动一个叙事:稳定币需要原生、面向支付的底层——稳定币做 gas、可预期的费用、亚秒级结算——而不是永远作为“客人”寄居在通用公链上。

这对 Circle 的压力显而易见:如果对手的美元稳定币开始绑定自己的结算层,USDC 不能永远只是“一个代币”,也要变成“那条铁轨”。

解读 Circle

把镜头拉近,Circle 的动作并非简单“防守”。

Arc 与 Circle Payments Network(CPN)同向发力,更像是把 Visa 的“网络中的网络” (network of networks)战略搬到链上。

开放、EVM兼容、USDC 原生、面向支付与外汇、也为资本市场场景做准备。

它的核心在于战略性的让步:如果 Circle 选择把更多前端收入让给发行/分发伙伴,自己只拿网络级的薄费率,换的是更强的网络外部性。

这正是卡组织当年的取胜之道:少抽成、先普及、赢信任、铺端点。

在这个镜头下,“Arc vs Stable/Plasma”比“Circle vs Coinbase”更关键。

若 Tether 系的支付链把“稳定币原生 + 低摩擦支付体验”打成行业标准,Circle 不能只做通往他人铁轨的桥;它得拥有一条真正可被别人依赖的轨道。

同时,开放性不是口号:公证节点的分布与门槛、开发者工具的公共性、跨链与退出的易用性,决定 Arc 是“公共基础设施”,还是换了一身衣服的品牌专有通道。

否则,就会落入“去中心化—扩容—再中心化”的鬼打墙死循环。

解读 Stripe

回到 Stripe,Tempo 是否合适做 L1,取决于它是不是“真开放”。

如果 Tempo 是完全公有、许可最小化、EVM 兼容、原生互操作,Stripe 可以把自己的分发力变成公共网络的冷启动引擎。

不是建一个“商户花园”,而是点亮一条对所有参与者都公平的公共道路。

反之,如果治理、验证、桥接都紧贴 Stripe 自身,生态很快会产生依赖风险的顾虑:你今天是通行的“捷径”,明天可能变成绕不开的“收费站”。

Visa 早就给过行业教材:要想建立普遍信任,先做互联互通,才能有品牌价值。

因此,“谁该做 L1、谁更适合 L2”的判断,和商业模型一一对应。

对于 Circle 这样的发行方,走向网络层是有内在合理性的。

USDC 作为 gas、可选隐私、确定性结算、内置 FX,对跨境 B2B、平台类商户和部分资本市场工作流都有吸引力;竞品的时间压力也逼迫它尽快把“规模”转化为“网络权力”。

而对于 Stripe 这样的 PSP,已经握住“最后一公里”,二层往往是更优解。

少背一条 L1 的治理与安全包袱,多享一层的组合性与开发者好感;除非 Tempo 从第一天就把“开放性”写进了制度与技术里。

进攻 vs 防守

坊间对于两家的 L1 有个流行的判断:Stripe 打进攻,Circle 打防守。

这个判断的直觉不错,但还不完整。

Stripe 的确可以凭分发优势压缩冷启动成本,一声令下就能点亮需求;Circle 的确没有掌握用户末端,活动分散在多链与多伙伴。

但如果把 Arc + CPN 看作 “Visa 方法论” 的链上化,Circle 更像是在用网络战略重写游戏规则。

把外沿的环节商品化、把核心的结算层标准化。

即便前端大头收入让给发行方、交易所或 PSP,也要换来更大的网络面。

这样一来,它不需要追 Base 的量,而是重新定义自己的棋局。

真正的系统性风险,是“碎片化伪装成进步”。

如果每一家大公司都造一条“半开放”的支付链,我们会回到互联网之前的专网时代。

靠适配器勉强互通,成本高、韧性差。

判断标准不应该是 TPS,而是:是否可信地开放;是否易于退出;是否对“非合作伙伴”同样友好。

能否在不牺牲协议开放性的前提下规模化,才是摆脱“去中心化—扩容—再中心化”的鬼打墙死循环的奥义。

落到执行层面,给两家各推荐几条“硬指标”。

对 Circle 而言:按节奏把公测网拉起来;把 “USDC 作为 gas” 服务真实商户的流程打磨到无需培训即可上手;公布透明、可外部参与的验证节点标准;让 CPN 明确保持多链原则,避免“把流量往自己链上拐”的夹带私货短视激励。

对 Stripe 而言:要么像Celo一样转做 L2,要么把 Tempo 的开放程度推到极致:尽早引入外部验证者、将客户端与关键模块开源、把链级治理与公司组织解绑,把“网络中的网络”当作基本法,而不是市场话术。

分发仍然决定速度,但不能以协议公地为代价。

结语

这不是速度与功能之争,而是“开放协议”与“品牌铁轨”的再选择。

Circle 的路径像一场披着“防守”外衣的“进攻”;Stripe 若要做 L1,就必须让开放成为结构性承诺,否则最聪明的开发者会用脚投票。

真正重要的,不是谁先喊出更高的 TPS,而是谁能在保持可组合性的同时,建立起跨主体的普遍信任。

这才是“不牺牲协议开放性的前提下规模化”的正确答案。

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