贫穷的原罪

深潮2025-08-10 tarihinde yayınlandı2025-08-11 tarihinde güncellendi

所有法币终将消亡,但在死亡前,法币始终服务于一个隐秘目的。

撰文:Knut Svanholm

编译:AididiaoJP,Foresight News

货币是市场的核心,它促进了贸易与经济核算。其价值即购买力会因通货膨胀而受损,后者让有钱人受益,却牺牲了储蓄者的利益。

对于自由市场的运作而言,没有什么比货币更重要。货币构成了每一笔交易,代表着商品与服务交换中所有价值的体现。但货币的价格究竟是多少?

市场流通性最高的商品往往会成为社会首选的交换媒介即货币。以这种通用媒介计价的价格使经济核算变得容易,进而企业家发现机会、获取利润并推动文明进步。

我们已了解供需如何决定商品价格,但确定货币的价格则更为复杂。我们的困境在于:由于价格本身已用货币表示,我们缺乏衡量货币价格的记账单位。既然无法用货币术语解释,就必须另寻他法来表达货币的购买力。

人们买卖货币(用商品和服务换取货币)的依据,是对该货币未来购买力的预期。正如我们所知,个体总是在边际上做出选择,因此产生了边际效用递减规律。换言之,有行动都源于价值判断,行动者在最迫切目标与次优欲望间进行选择。边际效用递减规律在此同样适用:一个人拥有的某种商品越多,每新增一单位带来的满足感就越弱。

货币亦不例外。其价值在于它能提供的额外满足,无论是购买食物、安全保障还是未来选择。当人们用劳动换取货币时,唯一原因是他们更看重货币的购买力而非即刻的时间利用。因此交换货币的成本就是个人放弃现金所能带来的最高效用。若某人工作一小时为换取一块肋眼牛排,他必然认为这顿饭的价值高于一小时空闲的价值。

边际效用递减规律表明:同质商品每一新增单位所满足的欲望会逐步降低,因此个人对新增单位的估值也随之递减。但「同质商品」的界定完全取决于个体。由于价值是主观的,每一枚新增货币的效用取决于个人目标。对只想用钱买热狗的人而言,「一单位货币」等同于一个热狗的价格。只有攒够买下一个热狗的现金时,他才算增加了「买热狗专用货币」这一同质商品的单位。

这正是鲁滨逊·克鲁索面对一堆黄金却视若无物的原因,黄金无法换取食物、工具或庇护所。孤立状态的货币毫无意义。如同所有语言,它至少需要两人参与才能发挥作用,货币本质上是沟通的工具。

通货膨胀与闲置货币的假象

人们根据时间偏好和对货币未来价值的预期,选择储蓄、消费或投资。若预期购买力上升,他们会储蓄;若预期下降,则会消费。投资者同样如此判断,常将资金转向他们认为能跑赢通胀的资产。但无论储蓄还是投资,货币始终在为持有者服务。即便是「观望资金」也肩负明确使命:降低不确定性。持币不花的人,正是在满足其对灵活性与安全感的渴求。

因此「流通中的货币」这一概念具有误导性。货币并非如河流般流动,它始终被某人持有、拥有并发挥作用。交换是行动,而行动发生于特定时间点。故而世上并没有所谓的「闲置货币」。

若脱离与历史价格的关联,货币将失去锚定,个人经济核算也将无法进行。如果一条面包去年售价 1 美元,今年涨至 1.1 美元,我们便能推断购买力的变化方向。长期积累此类观察,便形成经济预期的基础。政府提供的 CPI(消费者价格指数)正是此类分析的官方版本。

该指数试图通过固定商品组合反映「通胀率」,却刻意忽略房地产、股票和艺术品等高价值资产。原因何在?因为纳入它们将揭露当权者竭力掩盖的真相:通胀的渗透性远超其承认的程度。通过 CPI 衡量通胀,本质是掩盖一个显而易见的真相:物价上涨终将与货币供应扩张成正比。新货币的创造总会导致其购买力相对于原本可能的水平下降。

物价上涨并非贪婪生产者或供应链故障所致,其根源终归是货币扩张,货币增发导致购买力下降。最接近货币源头的群体(银行、资产持有者及政商关联企业)获益,而贫困阶层与工薪阶级则承受物价上涨的冲击。

这种影响具有滞后性且难以直接追溯,因此通胀常被称为最阴险的盗窃形式。它摧毁储蓄、加剧不平等、放大金融动荡。讽刺的是即便富人在健全货币体系下也会过得更好。长期来看通胀伤害所有人,包括那些短期看似受益的群体。

货币的起源

若货币价值源于其购买力,且该价值总是参照历史价格评判,货币最初如何获得价值?要解答此问,我们必须回溯物物交换经济。

演变为货币的商品,必然在成为货币前就具备非货币价值。其购买力最初必然由其他用途的需求决定。当它开始承担第二种功能(交换媒介)时,需求与价格同步上升。该商品从此为持有者提供双重价值:实用价值与交换媒介功能。随时间推移,后者需求往往大于前者。

这是米塞斯回归定理的核心,它解释了货币如何产生于市场,并始终与历史估值保持联系。货币并非国家发明,而是自愿贸易的自发产物。

黄金成为货币因其符合优良货币标准:耐久、可分割、易识别、便携且稀缺。其在珠宝与工业中的用途至今仍赋予其使用价值。几个世纪里纸币仅是黄金的兑换凭证。轻便纸币完美解决了黄金的运输难题。不幸的是凭证发行者很快发现他们可以超发纸币,这种操作模式沿用至今。

当纸币与黄金的关联被彻底切断,政府与央行便得以凭空造币,形成当今无锚定的法币体系。法币制度下,政治关联银行即便破产也能获救,导致道德风险、扭曲风险信号、引发系统性不稳定,这一切都通过通胀对储蓄的无声掠夺来实现。

货币与历史价格的时间关联对市场进程至关重要。没有它,个人经济核算将无法进行。前文所述的货币回归定理,是货币讨论中常被忽视的行为学洞见。它证明货币绝非官僚幻术的虚构产物,而是与自由市场中「为特定目的交换手段」的原始欲望真实相连。

货币是自愿交换的产物,而非政治发明、集体幻觉或社会契约。任何供应有限的商品只要满足交换媒介的基本要求,均可成为货币。具备耐久性、便携性、可分割性、统一性和普遍接受性的物品皆可。

假设《蒙娜丽莎》能无限分割,其碎片本可成为货币,前提是有简易方法验证其真伪。说到《蒙娜丽莎》,二十世纪著名画家的轶事完美诠释了货币商品供应增加如何影响其感知价值。这些画家意识到可利用名人身份通过签名致富。他们发现签名本身具有价值,甚至能用签名支付餐费。据传萨尔瓦多·达利曾在一辆撞毁的汽车上签名,瞬间将其变为珍贵艺术品。但随着签名账单、海报和汽车残骸增多,新增签名的价值不断递减,这正是边际效用递减规律的绝佳例证。数量增加导致质量贬值。

全球最大庞氏骗局

法币遵循相同逻辑。货币供应增加会稀释现有单位的价值。新货币的早期接收者获益,其他人则遭殃。通胀不仅是技术问题,更是道德问题。它扭曲经济核算,奖励债务而非储蓄,掠夺最无力自卫的群体。就此而言,法币堪称全球最大庞氏骗局,以底层代价滋养顶层。

我们接受缺陷货币只因继承而来,而非因其最优。但当足够多人意识到健全货币(无法伪造的货币)更有利于市场与人类时,我们或将停止接受不能果腹的虚假黄金凭证,转而建设真实、诚实、凭实力获取价值的世界。

健全货币源于自愿选择,而非政治法令。任何满足货币基本要求的物品都可充当货币,但唯有健全货币能让文明长期繁荣。货币不仅是经济工具,更是道德制度。当货币被腐蚀,其下游的一切,储蓄、价格信号、激励机制与信任皆遭扭曲。而当货币诚实无欺,市场就能协调生产、标示稀缺、奖励节俭、保护弱势群体。

归根结底,货币不仅是交换手段,更是时间的守护者、信任的记录、人类合作最通用的语言。腐蚀货币,摧毁的不仅是经济,更是文明本身。

「人类是短视的生物,只能看见眼前方寸之地。正如激情非其益友,特定情感常为恶谋。」

伪造:现代货币与法币幻觉

我们深入考察现代货币的运作机制。你可能听说过负利率,并疑惑其如何与「时间偏好恒为正」的基本原则共存。或许你也注意到消费品涨价,而媒体将矛头指向货币扩张之外的一切因素。

现代货币的真相令人难以接受,因为一旦认清问题规模,前景便显得黯淡。人类难以克制通过印钞剥削他人的冲动。唯一解决之道似乎是将人类排除在此过程之外,或至少实现货币与国家权力的分离。诺贝尔经济学奖得主弗里德里希·哈耶克认为,这只能通过「某种迂回巧妙的方式」实现。

英国是首个弱化本国货币与黄金联系的国家。一战前几乎所有货币都可兑换黄金,这一历经数千年形成的标准,源于黄金成为地球上流通性最高的商品。但到 1971 年,当美国总统理查德·尼克松宣布「暂时中止美元兑换黄金」并单方面切断两者最后联系时,可兑换性被彻底抛弃。他此举是为越战筹资并维护政治权力。

我们无需详述法币的所有细节,但关键点在于:当今国家发行的货币没有实物支撑,完全作为债务被创造。法币伪装成货币,但与真正货币(产生于自愿交换)不同,它是债务与控制的工具。

每一张新美元、欧元或人民币的诞生,都源于大银行发放贷款。这些钱需连本带利偿还。由于利息从未与本金同步创造,流通中的货币永远不足以清偿所有债务。事实上,系统存活需要更多债务。现代央行还通过救助(阻止低效银行倒闭)和量化宽松(火上浇油)等手段操控货币供应。

量化宽松是央行通过创造新货币购买政府债券的行为,本质是用白条兑换新印的钞票。债券是政府连本带利偿还借款的承诺,其背后是国家对当代及未来公民的征税权。结果就是通过通胀与债务奴役,对生产者进行持续而隐秘的财富榨取。

货币印刷在凯恩斯经济学的大旗下持续,该学说支撑着多数现代政府政策。凯恩斯主义者声称支出推动经济前进,若私人部门停止支出,政府必须接棒。他们断言每花一美元就为经济创造一美元价值,却无视通胀导致的价值稀释现实。这不过是巴斯夏「破窗谬论」的重演。增加零的数量创造不了任何价值。

若印钞真能增加财富,我们早该人手一艘超级游艇。财富源于生产、规划与自愿交换,而非央行资产负债表上的数字游戏。真正进步来自人们通过积累资本、延迟满足、投资未来,与他人及未来的自己进行交换。

法币的终极归宿

增发货币不会加速市场进程,反而会扭曲并阻碍它。字面意义的「缓慢而愚蠢」随之而来。购买力持续下降使经济核算更困难,长期规划更迟缓。

所有法币终将消亡。有些毁于恶性通胀,有些被抛弃或纳入更大体系(如小国货币被欧元取代)。但在死亡前,法币始终服务于一个隐秘目的,将财富从价值创造者转移到政治亲近者手中。

这就是 18 世纪经济学家理查德·坎蒂隆提出的「坎蒂隆效应」本质。新货币进入经济时,最先接收者获益最大,他们能在物价上涨前购物。而最远离货币源头的群体(普通工薪族与储蓄者)承担成本。在法币体系中,贫穷的代价极为高昂。

尽管如此,政客、央行行长与主流经济学家仍坚称「适度」通胀必要。他们本应更清醒。通胀不催生繁荣,至多重新分配购买力,最糟则会通过破坏对货币、储蓄与合作的信任,侵蚀文明根基。当今世界廉价商品的丰裕,是跨越税收、国界、通胀与官僚主义的障碍实现的,而非因为这些障碍存在。

行为学

不受干预时,市场进程天然趋向于以更低价格为更多人提供更优质商品,这才是真正进步。有趣的是,行为学不仅是批判工具,更是认知框架。许多人看清体系深层缺陷后会变得愤世嫉俗,但行为学提供清晰视角:它让你明白生产者才是人类繁荣的真正推手,而非政府。理解这一点后,最平凡的劳动也被赋予更深意义。超市收银员、保洁人员与出租车司机,都在通过自愿合作与价值创造参与满足人类需求的系统。他们就是文明本身。

市场生产商品,政府却常生产「负商品」。企业间服务顾客的竞争是创新引擎,而政党争夺国家控制权的竞争奖励的却是权术而非才能。市场上适者生存,政坛上劣币驱逐良币。

行为学助你理解人性动机。它教你看行动而非言语,更教你思考本可能存在的平行现实:那些被干预抹杀未被看见的世界。

恐惧、不确定性与怀疑

人类心理天生偏向恐惧。我们为生存威胁而非赏花进化。因此危言耸听总比乐观主义传播更快。针对任何「危机」(无论是恐怖主义、疫情还是气候变化)的解决方案千篇一律:加强政治控制。

研究人类行为者深谙其因。对每个行动个体而言,目的总能为手段辩护。问题在于权力追逐者同样如此。他们用安全交换自由,但历史表明恐惧驱动的交易鲜有善果。理解这些动态后,世界变得更清晰,杂音逐渐消退。

你关掉电视,重掌时间,意识到积累资本与解放时间并非自私之举,而是助人的基础。投资自身技能、储蓄与人际关系,能为所有人扩大福祉。你参与劳动分工,创造价值,且完全出于自愿。在破碎系统中,最激进的行动是在其外建设更好的替代方案。

每次使用法币,你都在用时间为发行者付费。若能完全避免使用它们,你就助力构建一个盗窃与欺诈更少的世界。这或许不易,但值得追求的事业从来如此。

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"Wall Street's Hottest '00s Phenom: The 25-Year-Old Fund Manager Who Bet on AI's 'Boring' Backbone" At just 25, Leopold Aschenbrenner, once fired by OpenAI, now runs a hedge fund worth $13.7 billion. His strategy? Betting against the consensus. While others chased AI chips, he invested early in the physical infrastructure powering the AI boom: electricity, data centers, and energy. Expelled from OpenAI's safety team in 2024, Aschenbrenner foresaw the coming bottleneck. He argued that AI progress would be limited not by algorithms, but by power, chip capacity, and space. Acting on this, he founded Situational Awareness LP to go long on these "old economy" assets. His bets have paid off spectacularly. His fund's assets soared from $255 million in late 2024 to $13.7 billion by Q1 2026. His portfolio is a direct reflection of his thesis: major long positions in fuel cell company Bloom Energy and data center/bitcoin mining firms like CleanSpark and Riot Platforms, which control critical land and power resources. Conversely, he holds massive put options against overheated semiconductor giants like NVIDIA and AMD. A notable exception was his bullish bet on storage company SanDisk, which surged ~160% in Q2. Aschenbrenner's vision is materializing. Tech giants like Amazon, Alphabet, and Meta are ramping up colossal capital expenditure on data centers. Global data center power consumption is projected to skyrocket, with AI accounting for over half by 2030. The demand for enabling technologies like optical fiber and modules is also exploding. His story underscores a fundamental truth of the AI era: the ethereal intelligence of algorithms rests on a very physical, heavy, and power-hungry foundation. The future is being built not just in code, but in concrete, copper, and kilowatts.

marsbit4 saat önce

The Hottest 00s Generation on Wall Street

marsbit4 saat önce

Review of Cathie Wood's Masterstroke Operation on Circle

A Recap of Cathie Wood's Masterful Trading in Circle's IPO This article analyzes the strategic moves made by ARK Invest's Cathie Wood around the IPO of Circle (CRCL). Despite her typical long-term, narrative-driven investment style, Wood executed a textbook "buy low, sell high" trade. Wood secured a core position of approximately 4.49 million shares at the $31 IPO price. The stock debuted at $69, surged to a high of $299 in June 2025 fueled by stablecoin regulatory news (the GENIUS Act), and then entered a prolonged decline. During this rally, ARK systematically sold around 1.7 million shares at an average price near $210, driven partly by internal fund rebalancing rules triggered by the stock's soaring weight. This move locked in substantial profits. As the stock later fell due to lockup expirations, new share issuance, and interest rate concerns—even dipping below $50—Wood began repurchasing shares. Starting in November 2025 around $86, she continued buying on the way down, eventually rebuilding her position to roughly the original size by Q1 2026. Key takeaways include: 1) Having a strong, independent long-term thesis (viewing Circle as critical digital dollar infrastructure). 2) Trading in tranches instead of trying to time exact tops or bottoms. 3) Maintaining strict position-sizing discipline, using rules to force profit-taking and preserve buying power. For most retail investors, chasing the dramatic "pop" at open is dangerous, as the subsequent 83% drawdown showed. Wood's success hinged on pre-IPO access, a clear investment thesis, and disciplined execution.

marsbit5 saat önce

Review of Cathie Wood's Masterstroke Operation on Circle

marsbit5 saat önce

Sharplink CEO: Ethereum's Future is Unfolding Now

In an article titled "Sharplink CEO: Ethereum's Future is Unfolding," Joseph Chalom, a former BlackRock executive and current Sharplink CEO, argues that the current debates surrounding the Ethereum Foundation (EF) and ETH price miss the bigger picture. He asserts that Ethereum's long-term institutional adoption is secured by its foundational strengths: trust, security, and liquidity. Chalom highlights Ethereum's dominance in settling stablecoin value, tokenizing real-world assets (RWA), and facilitating high-value DeFi transactions as evidence of its winning position. He defends the Ethereum Foundation's focus on rigorous protocol development and a decade-long track record of major upgrades (The Merge, EIP-1559, Dencun, etc.), viewing its upcoming technical roadmap as the most ambitious in the industry. Contrary to critics, Chalom posits that Ethereum's decentralization and reliable neutrality are core strengths for institutional adoption, not weaknesses, as they prevent control by any single entity. Drawing a parallel to Amazon's early days, he suggests that ETH's intrinsic value is tied to the expansion of its network, which is poised for a step-change in transaction volume across stablecoins, RWAs, DeFi, and agentic finance. Chalom advocates for a "be greedy when others are fearful" approach, citing historical examples from Warren Buffett and his own experience at BlackRock during the crypto winter. He concludes that while the EF should remain focused on core protocol attributes (CROPS: Censorship Resistance, Capture Resistance, Open Source, Privacy, Security), there is a leadership gap in market outreach. Chalom calls for ecosystem participants, including Sharplink and other key players, to become more vocal advocates to support the coming institutional adoption supercycle, asserting that "Ethereum's future is unfolding now."

marsbit5 saat önce

Sharplink CEO: Ethereum's Future is Unfolding Now

marsbit5 saat önce

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