ZK赛道又起势了?

深潮TechFlow2025-08-06 tarihinde yayınlandı2025-08-07 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

7 美元的树莓派也能验证 ZK 证明,zkEVM 未来 6 年或把以太坊主网 TPS 提升百倍。


撰文:Andrew Fenton
编译:imToken


编者按:以太坊正在迈向 1 万 TPS 的扩容新时代,而零知识证明(ZK)技术正成为关键驱动力,本文是我们整理的《以太坊 1 万 TPS 路线图》第一篇,用尽量通俗的方式拆解 ZK 技术、zkEVM 路线图和以太坊 L1 扩容计划,下一篇将深入探讨 ZK 落地挑战、L2 生态演化以及未来对以太坊经济结构的影响。


2025 年 7 月 30 日,以太坊迎来了创世区块十周年,而经过十年的探索,以太坊的扩容路线图也正在探索新的方向和愿景。


当然近期 ETH 的价格上涨也重新给社区带来了信心,但真正让人兴奋的是,在经历了数年围绕 L2 扩容的探索之后,以太坊 L1 终于拥有了一条在保持最大去中心化的前提下实现极致扩容的可信路径。


简言之,从现在开始,以太坊的 Gas 上限和 TPS 计划每年提升数倍,验证者(Validators)将不再重复执行每一笔交易(编者注:也即无需从头算一遍交易的状态变化),而是只去验证一份零知识证明(ZK-proof),以证明这批交易是正确执行的,从而能够让底层网络的 TPS 提升至每秒上万笔交易。


与此同时,L2 也会同步扩容,实现数十万甚至数百万 TPS,且一种名为「原生 Rollup」(Native Rollup)的新型 L2 将像可编程分片一样运行,提供与 L1 相同的安全性。


虽然这些提案还未正式得到以太坊治理流程的批准,但它们建立在 Vitalik Buterin 在 2017 年就开始探索的思路之上,并得到了以太坊基金会核心研究员 Justin Drake 的推动支持。
在 7 月的 EthCC 大会上,Drake 表示:「我们正处于以太坊扩容的关键转折点,我坚信我们即将进入 L1 的 GigaGas 时代——大约 1 万 TPS,而开启这一时代的关键是 zkEVM 与实时证明(real-time proving)」。


Drake 的终极目标是在 10 年内让以太坊生态能够实现 1000 万 TPS,但这意味着没有任何单一区块链能满足这一吞吐量要求,未来必然是一个「网络中的网络」架构:不同 L2 各自承担不同场景、权衡与优势,共同扩展整个生态满足全球需求。


为什么以太坊 L1 一直无法大规模扩容?


虽然其他区块链早已开始尝试使用更强大的硬件和计算能力来扩大吞吐量,但以太坊一直对去中心化有一种近乎意识形态,甚至有人会觉得「乌托邦式」的执着。


从 ETH 最大主义者(ETH maxis)的角度来看,像 Solana 这样的「数据中心链」拥有数百万美元的中心化风险点,政府可以直接针对这些节点进行交易审查,即使是像 Sui 这样硬件规格要求低一些的链,其成本和带宽要求也令人望而却步,从而影响去中心化程度。


相比之下,以太坊甚至可以运行在树莓派(Raspberry Pi)上,这种低门槛设计让超过 15,000~16,000 个公开节点和上百万万个验证者参与网络,因此几乎不可能审查以太坊上的交易,并且使整个网络对攻击具有极强的韧性。


当然,代价是速度极慢 —— 当前 TPS 约为每秒处理 18~20 笔交易,而 Solana 的 TPS 则为每秒约 1500 笔交易。


从某种程度上来说,区块链架构天生低效,有点像一个 Google 表格,每当你修改一个单元格之前,全世界所有拥有副本的电脑都要先把整个表格重新算一遍,确认无误后才能更新。


ZK 技术公司 Succinct Labs 的联合创始人 Uma Roy 解释说:「以太坊的设计是希望任何人都能跟上网络,并重新执行所有交易」,这也意味着交易量不能随便无限放大,因为每笔交易都需要有人重新计算。


正因为在保持去中心化的前提下,主网扩容空间有限,以太坊在 2020 年不得不走上了 L2 分层扩容这条备受争议的路线。


ZK 如何破解区块链不可能三角?


以太坊创始人 Vitalik Buterin 曾提出过「区块链不可能三角」这一概念,用来形容公链在 安全性、可扩展性和去中心化 三者间难以兼得的困境。


几乎所有扩容方案都只能同时满足其中两项,必然牺牲掉第三项。


直到现在。


零知识证明(ZK-Proof),被 Drake 形容为「登月级数学(moon math)」的技术——能够在不泄露交易细节的前提下,数学上证明一大批复杂交易已被正确执行。


生成 ZK 证明的过程非常复杂,但验证一份证明是否正确,却既快又轻量。


因此,以太坊未来的构想是:与其让一堆性能孱弱的树莓派节点逐笔重算所有交易,不如让验证者只需检查一份极小的 ZK 证明的数学结果即可。


Succinct Labs 联合创始人 Uma Roy 继续解释说,「与其让大家重新执行所有交易,不如直接给他们一份证明,告诉他们这些操作已经发生了,这样任何人都可以验证这份证明,而不必重新做计算」。


Drake 甚至打趣说,未来验证 ZK 证明的计算量小到连售价 7 美元的 Raspberry Pi Pico(性能不到普通树莓派的十分之一)都能胜任,根本不需要大型数据中心。


zkEVM:通往 1 万 TPS 的路线图


以太坊基金会的 Sophia Gold 最近在博客中发布的一则消息引发了社区热议:未来一年内,L1 主网可能集成零知识证明驱动的以太坊虚拟机(zkEVM)。


值得注意的是,很多 ZK 技术的实用化探索,其实是从 L2 网络开始的,例如由以太坊联合创始人 Joe Lubin 旗下 Consensys 孵化的 Linea,就是一条 100% 兼容 EVM 的 ZK Rollup 公链——任何能在以太坊上运行的应用,都能在 Linea 上无缝运行。


Linea 甚至把自己视作以太坊的延伸,最近还宣布将销毁 20% 的 ETH 交易手续费,以支持 L1 价值回流。


Linea 负责人 Declan Fox 解释说,ZK 技术为区块链的不可能三角提供了答案:「ZK 的魔力在于,我们可以大幅提高 L1 的 Gas 上限,而计算量的扩展并不会让验证变得更复杂」。
他补充说,随着 ZK 证明生成的延迟和成本不断下降,我们能够处理更高的吞吐量,同时保持验证的硬件要求极低——甚至一块智能手表也能胜任验证工作。


不过,社区也不必过度乐观,即便未来一年内 zkEVM 成功集成到 L1,它也不会在第一天就直接实现 1 万 TPS。


日拱一卒,然后一瞬间完成


以太坊目前有五个主要的软件客户端可用于运行网络,这意味着即便某个客户端出现问题,网络也不会像 Solana 那样直接停摆。


在未来的升级路线中,以太坊计划先发布两到三个支持 ZK 验证的改造版客户端,使验证者可以选择通过检查零知识证明(ZK-proofs)来完成验证,而不再重新执行每一笔交易。


最初,只有少数验证者会率先切换到新的验证模式,以便在早期排查和修复潜在问题。


以太坊基金会协议协调团队的 Ladislaus 表示,「切换到 snark 化的 EVM 将是一个循序渐进的过程」——这里的「snark」化指的是采用 SNARK 类型的零知识证明。)


用户主要会逐步感受到 L1 的 Gas 上限提高,也就是网络的经济活动能力增强,虽然 L1 向 ZK 验证的过渡需要时间,但 Gas 上限的扩容几乎已箭在弦上。


上周,L1 Gas 上限刚刚提高了 22%,达到 4500 万,研究员 Dankrad Feist 提出了一个 EIP,建议客户端每年自动三次上调 Gas 上限,按照该计划,四年后以太坊主网就能实现约 2000 TPS。


而 Justin Drake 甚至进一步提出,将这一节奏延长两年,到 2031 年可达到 1 gigagas 的吞吐量,实现约 1 万 TPS。

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ZK Nasıl Satın Alınır

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