写在黑客攻击之后:DeFi世界到底有没有无风险收益?

Odaily星球日报2025-07-10 tarihinde yayınlandı2025-07-10 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

七大类高收益策略,各自的风险来源是什么?

本文来自:stablewatch

编译|Odaily星球日报(@OdailyChina);译者|Azuma(@azuma_eth

编者按:DeFi 市场最近并不太平,先是大热项目 USDf 因储备资产及收益来源质疑而短暂脱锚,随后老牌合约交易所 GMX 又因黑客攻击损失超 4000 万美元(详见《超 4000 万美元被盗,GMX 遭精准伏击始末》)。一时之间市场风声鹤唳,在看似不错的收益率面前,本金的安全似乎更加重要。

昨日晚间事发后,stablewatch 发布了一篇主题为“DeFi 世界到底有没有无风险收益”的文章,对于所有有意继续参与 DeFi 的用户而言,有必要再次复习我们所在的这个市场的底层风险状况。

以下为 stablewatch 原文内容,由 Odaily 星球日报编译。

写在黑客攻击之后:DeFi世界到底有没有无风险收益?

DeFi 中的无风险利率

在传统金融(TradFi)中,“无风险利率”是最常用的投资回报基准,代表着在本金不受损的前提下可实现的收益率状况。比如美国国债(T-bills)——它们由美国政府信用背书,而美国政府可以随意印钞偿还债务(这也是比特币最初看涨的神圣逻辑),但在狂野的 DeFi 世界里,“无风险”这个概念变得模糊不清。我们能否在 DeFi 中找到类似无风险利率的东西?让我们深入这片混沌世界。

无风险利率:传统金融的基石

先来快速回顾一下。在传统金融中,无风险利率代表着超安全的投资基准回报。比如国债,为什么它们“无风险”?因为美国政府会用信用为其担保,即便通胀飙升,它也能印钞还债。这个利率几乎是所有金融模型的基础:股票估值、债券定价、分析师熬夜做的 DCF 分析……全都依赖于它。你可能会觉得传统金融的利率应该稳定可预测,但事实并非如此 —— 有一门叫作“货币政策”的学问专门调控这些利率,不过这值得另写长文探讨。

现在,让我们看看 DeFi 中是否存在类似的概念。

为什么 DeFi 没有真正的无风险利率?

在 DeFi 中,无风险利率更像神话而非现实。一位资深同行曾调侃:“在 DeFi 里,我们都在拿真金白银测试极端高风险的新型金融软件。”这话一点不假。早期参与者有时因承担风险获得丰厚回报,有时却损失惨重。去中心化生态的魅力与诅咒在于它没有传统安全网 —— 没有央行兜底、没有监管保护、没有 FDIC(联邦存款保险公司)为你的资产保险。我们设计它的初衷就是用安全性换取实验与创新的自由,但新入场者必须明白,他们面对的是一个复杂的风险丛林。风险还包括:

  • 跑路骗局(Rug pulls):承诺离谱收益的项目一夜卷款消失;

  • 黑客攻击:智能合约漏洞会让那些所谓最安全的平台瞬间损失数百万美元;

  • 网络威胁:朝鲜黑客虎视眈眈,把 DeFi 协议和用户当免费龙虾自助餐;

此外还有“代码即法律”的信条,这一理念很美 —— 交易不可逆,不可反悔。我们见过攻击者卷走数百万美元却辩称“遵守协议规则”,这让传统法律追索困难重重。尽管如此,赏金猎人和执法机构还是成功追踪到了一些肇事者,但也只有部分案例如此。在 DeFi 市场,创新与混乱的边界依然脆弱。

不过,对于那些希望在寻找基础“安全收益”时尽量保持安心的人,还有什么选择?

DeFi 中的“伪无风险”收益选项

DeFi 可不会轻易认输,虽然完美的无风险利率遥不可及,但仍有几个接近的候选者。

  • AAVE:这个蓝筹借贷平台通过资金供需提供相对可靠的个位数收益,历经多年考验,常被视为 DeFi 中的"避风港"。

  • Curve Finance:由数学狂人打造的稳定币交易帝国,通过交易手续费(本质是让资金“干活”)产生收益,并辅以 CRV 代币激励。作为少数近乎完全去中心化且运转良好的案例,其代币在过去四年及本保持住了价值。当然,参与 DAO 治理绝非胆小者的游戏。

  • 代币化美债:Ondo、M 等平台将美国国债搬上链,提供 3-4% 的类国债收益(2025 年数据),让传统金融的安全性与 DeFi 创新结合——尽管智能合约风险依然存在。

这些选项差异巨大:AAVE 的供需机制、Curve 依赖交易量的收益模式、代币化美债的“安全性”,都无法完全规避区块链故障和被 DeFi OG 戏称为“犯罪温床”的潜在风险。它们虽非真正无风险,却已是当前最佳选择。

谁在涌入链上储蓄?

这类“伪无风险”收益吸引了几类独特用户。

  • 非美国投资者:追求“美式回报”却不愿受传统银行束缚。上一代离岸投资者通过购置伦敦、温哥华或纽约房产实现资产跨境配置,如今他们正将资金转向 DeFi 协议。

  • 加密巨鲸:由于大额变现面临安全顾虑、税务风险等现实障碍,许多人发现链上收益耕作不仅能显著跑赢传统储蓄账户,还能维持加密资产敞口。

  • 无银行账户者:借助手机钱包的普及,本地货币不稳定的用户正以更低成本将储蓄转入链上——在许多发展中国家,开设美元账户仍面临高昂费用和官僚主义壁垒。

这一趋势正突破小众圈层。链上储蓄以其可及性、收益优势和解决传统金融局限的能力,吸引着所有寻求银行体系替代方案的人群。随着手机钱包等基础设施持续进化,这种转变可能重塑金融格局 —— 摩根大通等机构推出稳定币计划,正是对市场需求的回应。

生息稳定币:风险与回报的博弈

生息稳定币(Yield-Bearing Stablecoins, YBS)代表了数字货币领域的显著进化,将美元锚定的稳定性与内生收益机制相结合。2025 年,部分 YBS 产品提供 6-12% 的年化收益率,远超传统国债收益。但这些诱人回报背后需要审慎评估。

高收益必然伴随附加条件。多数收益来源于主动管理、风险承担行为,或是成为他人交易的对手方。它能产生可观收益吗?确实。但这是无风险的吗?绝非如此。

这引发了一个根本性分类问题:这些工具本质是稳定币,还是加密主题投资基金?当收益率大幅超越国债等无风险基准时,投资者显然已脱离无风险范畴。其价值主张本质上仍是经典的风险-回报权衡:更高收益潜力必然对应更高风险敞口。

收益增强策略解析

DeFi 协议往往会采用多种收益增强策略,且各自具有独特的风险特征和运作逻辑。

  • 现实资产锚定型(RWA-backed)以代币化现实资产(从国债到汽车贷款、消费信贷等复杂资产)作为底层抵押。部分协议保持保守策略,而另一些则涉足高风险信贷市场,用更高的违约风险换取超额收益。

  • 加密资产抵押型(Crypto-backed)通过 Liquity、Abracadabra 等平台的抵押债务头寸(CDP)生成稳定币。常态市场下运转良好,但抵押品急速贬值时可能引发坏账累积和协议动荡。

  • 稳定币封装型(YBS wrappers)将基础稳定币部署至 AAVE、Euler 等借贷平台获取基准收益,再将头寸封装为凭证代币。这些代币可二次抵押并叠加代币激励,形成多层收益结构。虽能复合增值,但协议间嵌套关系会放大系统性风险。

  • Delta 中性/合成头寸型通过跨平台多空对冲获取资金费率差。盈利依赖低成本建仓和利差维持,但执行损耗和市场极端波动可能使中性策略失效。

  • 算法策略型自动化系统实时捕捉市场机会并调仓,虽具运营效率,但面临基础设施故障和算法失效风险。

  • 主动管理基金型由基金经理在 DeFi 框架内进行战略配置,实为传统资管模式的链上复刻。这种模式既引发对智能合约自动化必要性的质疑,也可能招致对“去中心化”定义严格司法辖区的监管审查。

  • 分级产品型(Tranched products)将风险分层切割,为不同投资者提供差异化的风险-回报组合。所谓“安全”层级的投资者可能无形中成为尾部风险保险提供方,其资金实质是底层资产极端损失的缓冲垫。

演进中的收益范式

上述策略代表了当前 DeFi 协议增强稳定币收益的主流方案。去中心化金融的可编程特性将持续催生收益机制的创新,预示着未来会出现更复杂的混合策略与全新方法论。这种动态演化既拓宽了金融工程的边界,也要求投资者建立更精密的风险评估框架 —— 在链上收益的迷宫中,高亮显示的 APR 数字或许只是风险坐标系的起点而非终点。

核心结论:DeFi 的高风险本质

我们得出的关键认知如下:

  • DeFi 中不存在真正的无风险利率;

  • 代币化美债最接近无风险,但绝非坚不可摧;

  • 链上借贷利率实现了独立的价格发现机制;

  • 生息稳定币用稳定性换取收益,本质更接近链上市场中立对冲基金而非储蓄账户;

  • 收益策略风险各异——回报越高,风险越大。

DeFi 的高风险属性是否构成致命缺陷?未必,毕竟加密社群始终在传统金融体系之外奋力开辟自己的疆土,高收益确实存在,但永远需要代价。因此在将积蓄投入任何生息产品前,请务必记住——审慎核查链上数据,风险自担永远是 DeFi 的第一信条。

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