产品市场契合度迷思:为何风投押注的其实是创始人投资者契合度?

深潮2025-07-02 tarihinde yayınlandı2025-07-02 tarihinde güncellendi

研究显示,95% 接受调查的 VC 将创始人或创始团队视为其投资决策中最重要的因素。

撰文:rosie

编译:Luffy,Foresight News

风险投资公司(VC)运作都基于一个简单前提:找到具有产品市场相契合度的公司,为其提供资金以扩大规模,随后在公司发展壮大时获得回报。

问题在于,大多数 VC 实际上无法评估产品市场契合度。他们不是目标客户,他们不了解用例,而且他们很少有时间深入研究用户行为和留存指标。

于是,他们采用了一种替代标准:我喜欢这位公司创始人吗?他们会让我想起其他成功的创始人吗?我能想象在未来七年里和他们一起工作吗?

研究显示,95% 接受调查的 VC 将创始人或创始团队视为其投资决策中最重要的因素。不是市场规模,不是产品吸引力,也不是竞争优势,而是创始人。

所谓的「产品市场契合度」,往往只是附着了一些营收数字的「创始人投资者契合度」。

选择性偏差问题

大多数风险投资会议的真实情况是:

投资者花费 80% 的时间来评估创始人——他们的背景、沟通风格、战略思维以及与公司的文化契合度。生育 20% 的时间才会用来关注实际产品和市场动态。

从风险管理角度看,这合乎逻辑。投资者知道,他们将与创始人密切合作,共同应对多个关键时刻、市场变化和战略决策。一个优秀的创始人即便产品一般也能找到出路,而平庸的创始人即便拥有出色产品也可能搞砸。

但这会造成系统性偏差:偏向擅长与投资者沟通的创始人,而非擅长与客户沟通的创始人。

结果是,公司可以筹集资金,但却难以留住用户。产品在演示文稿中看似合理,但在实际使用中却失败了。所谓的「产品市场契合度」只存在于会议室里。

什么导致了「转型流行病」

如果你曾经好奇过为什么这么多资金充足的初创公司会反复转型,那么「创始人与投资者契合度」可以完美地解释这一点。

数据显示,近 67% 的初创公司在风险投资过程中的某个阶段陷入停滞,其中不到一半能够筹集到新一轮融资。但有趣的是:那些确实筹集到后续融资的公司通常会在融资过程中多次调整方向。

当一家公司根据创始人素质而不是真正的产品吸引力来筹集大量资金时,其压力就变成了维持投资者信心而不是服务客户。

转型让创始人可以继续讲述增长故事,而不必承认原来的产品行不通。投资者押注的是创始人而不是特定的产品,因此他们通常会支持听起来具有战略意义的转型。

这导致公司专注于融资而不是客户满意度。他们非常擅长发现新市场、构建引人入胜的叙事并维持投资者的热情。但他们却不擅长打造人们真正想要持续使用的东西。

指标表演

大多数早期公司没有真正的产品市场契合度指标。相反,他们有向投资者表明产品市场契合度的指标。

用月活跃用户代替日活跃度,用总营收代替用户群组留存率,用合作公告代替自然用户增长,用友好客户的推荐语代替自发用户行为。

这些不一定是虚假指标,但它们服务于投资者叙事,而非业务可持续性。

真正的产品市场契合体现在用户行为中:人们会在没有提示的情况下使用你的产品,当产品出现故障时他们会感到沮丧,他们会主动推荐你的产品,他们愿意随着时间的推移支付越来越多的费用。

投资者友好型指标则出现在演示文稿中:指数增长图表、令人印象深刻的品牌合作、市场规模测算、竞争定位分析。

当创始人重点优化第二类指标(因为这能让他们获得融资),脱节就产生了;而第一类指标才决定业务是否真正可行。

为什么投资者看不出差异

大多数 VC 都会根据他们过往见过的成功公司进行模式匹配,而不是评估当前的市场状况是否符合这些历史模式。

他们正在寻找能够让他们想起以前的赢家的创始人、类似此前赢家的指标,以及听起来像此前赢家的故事。

当市场稳定、客户行为可预测时,这种方法有效。但当技术、用户期望或竞争动态发生变化时,这种方法就会失效。

2010 年资助软件即服务公司的投资者知道当时成功的 SaaS 指标是什么样的。但他们不一定知道 2025 年可持续的 SaaS 业务是什么样子,如今客户获取成本将高出 10 倍,而转换成本则会降低。

因此,他们投资那些能讲述令人信服的故事、解释为何其指标将类似 2010 年 SaaS 指标的创始人,而非理解当前市场现实的创始人。

无论融资多少,你都无法通过金钱来实现产品与市场的契合

社会认同的级联效应

一旦一家公司从受人尊敬的 VC 获得融资,其他投资者就会认为他们已经对产品市场契合度进行了尽职调查。

这就产生了级联验证,投资者质量取代了产品质量。「我们得到了一级风险投资公司的支持」成为产品市场契合度的主要信号,而不管实际用户参与度如何。

客户、员工和合作伙伴开始相信该产品,并不是因为他们使用过并且喜欢它,而是因为聪明的投资者认可了它。

这种社会认同可以暂时取代真正的产品市场契合度,从而创造出一些从外表看起来很成功,但实际上却在根本的产品问题上苦苦挣扎的公司。

为什么这对创始人很重要

理解融资主要是关于创始人与投资者的契合度,而不是产品与市场的契合度,这会改变你建立公司的方式。

如果你仅仅为了吸引投资者,那么你将构建一些可以获得融资但不一定可持续的东西。如果你是为了吸引客户,那么你可能会构建一些可持续的东西,却难以获得规模化所需的资金。

最成功的创始人知道如何创造真正的产品市场契合度,同时保持以投资者能够理解和兴奋的方式向投资者传达这种契合度的能力。

这通常意味着将客户洞察转化为投资者语言:展示用户行为如何转化为收入指标、产品决策如何创造竞争优势、市场理解如何推动战略定位。

系统性后果

用创始人与投资者契合度替代产品与市场契合度,会造成可预见的市场效率低下:

优秀的产品如果融资渠道不畅,就会获得与其潜力不相符的资金,从而让有资金支持的竞争对手能够通过资本而不是产品质量来占领市场。

拥有平庸产品的优秀融资者获得的资金相对于其基本面而言过多,从而造成不可持续的估值和不可避免的失望。研究表明,50% 的风险投资支持的初创公司在 5 年内失败,只有 1% 的公司能够成为独角兽。

真正的产品市场契合度变得更加难以识别,因为信号被融资表演和社会认同级联效应淹没。

创新围绕投资者偏好而非客户需求聚集,造成市场过度饱和与机会未被充分开发。

这对生态意味着什么

认识到这种模式并不意味着创始人的素质无关紧要,也不意味着所有风险投资决策都是武断的。伟大的创始人确实会随着时间的推移创造出更好的公司。

但这确实意味着,风险投资中常用的「产品市场契合度」往往是创始人与投资者兼容性的滞后指标,而不是企业成功的领先指标。

拥有最可持续优势的公司通常是那些在优化创始人与投资者契合度之前,实现真正的产品与市场契合度的公司。

他们对客户有足够深入的了解,从而能够打造出不受投资者意见影响的产品。然后,他们将这种理解转化为投资者可以评估和支持的框架。

最糟糕的结果是,创始人误将投资者的热情当作客户的认可,或者投资者误将他们对创始人的信任当作市场机会的证据。

两者都很重要,但混淆它们会导致资金充足的公司难以创造持久的价值。

下次当你听到某家公司拥有惊人的产品市场契合度时,问问他们指的是客户离不开该产品,还是投资者对创始人赞不绝口。这个区别决定了你看到的是可持续业务,还是精妙的融资表演。

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