特朗普要「炒掉」鲍威尔?对加密市场影响几何?

Odaily星球日报2025-04-18 tarihinde yayınlandı2025-04-19 tarihinde güncellendi

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特朗普「炮轰」鲍威尔拒降息,美联储独立性遭遇史上最猛政治风暴。

鲍威尔在昨天的芝加哥经济俱乐部活动没有传递出降息的信号。最急的人,莫过于特朗普。

这位总统折腾了一个多月的关税,显然对美联储不降息的决定恼羞成怒,接连对鲍威尔开火猛攻:「如果我要求,美联储主席鲍威尔将离职。我对他(鲍威尔)并不满意。我认为鲍威尔没有做好工作。」「鲍威尔反应迟缓、行动缓慢」「鲍威尔在玩弄政治,利率现在应该下降。」「美联储的人不太聪明,鲍威尔太糟糕了。」鲍威尔是「我从来都不怎么喜欢的人」。而鲍威尔则强硬捍卫美联储的独立性,反驳政治干预,并表示美联储将仅根据对美国人民最有利的因素来做出决定。

特朗普要「炒掉」鲍威尔?对加密市场影响几何?

特朗普挑战美联储独立性

特朗普从不掩饰对鲍威尔的失望。2025 年 4 月 17 日,他在椭圆形办公室对记者放话:「如果我想让他走,相信我,他很快就会走!」随后,他在 Truth Social 再度发文催促美联储主席鲍威尔降息,「欧洲央行即将第七次降息,而美联储的「永远迟到先生」鲍威尔再次搞砸了一切。昨日他又抛出一份典型的混乱报告——油价在跌、食品价格在下跌,连鸡蛋都在降价,美国正通过关税大赚特赚。这个「慢半拍」早该像欧洲央行那样降息,现在更是刻不容缓,鲍威尔的下台倒计时该加快了!」

特朗普要「炒掉」鲍威尔?对加密市场影响几何?

特朗普的愤怒多半源于鲍威尔在货币政策上的「保守」态度。他认为,鲍威尔未能及时大幅降息,错过了刺激经济增长的窗口期。更令特朗普不满的是,美联储的高利率政策与他上台后推行的关税计划产生冲突。特朗普的关税政策旨在保护美国本土产业,但可能推高进口商品价格,进而加剧通胀压力。耶鲁大学预算实验室估计,这些关税相当于每户美国家庭增加 4900 美元的实际税负。在这种背景下,特朗普希望美联储通过降息缓解经济压力,为其政策「保驾护航」。

至于特朗普是否想解雇鲍威尔,虽然他在公开场合向记者表示「不后悔提名鲍威尔」,但从WSJ报道或许能看出端倪。消息人士称,特朗普曾与前美联储理事凯文·沃什私下谈论接替鲍威尔一事。

解雇鲍威尔有哪些阻碍?

特朗普真能如愿「炒掉」鲍威尔吗?答案并不简单。

根据《联邦储备法》,美联储主席和理事会成员只能「因故」被解雇,通常指不当行为、渎职或丧失履职能力,而非政策分歧。历史上从未有美联储主席被总统直接免职,这一法律框架为美联储的独立性提供了坚实保障。鲍威尔本人对此态度明确。2024 年 11 月,当被问及若特朗普要求他辞职是否会遵从时,他斩钉截铁地回答:「不。」

此外,鲍威尔的任期也为他提供了保护。他最初于 2017 年由特朗普提名担任美联储主席, 2022 年由拜登再次提名,其主席任期将持续到 2026 年 5 月。Brookings 高级研究员莎拉·宾德指出,法院通常不会将利率设定上的分歧视为「正当理由」,因此特朗普若强行解雇鲍威尔,可能面临法律挑战。

即使法律允许,解雇鲍威尔在政治上也充满风险。美联储的独立性不仅是法律问题,更是市场信心的基石。宾德警告,总统试图赶走鲍威尔会增加市场不确定性,动摇公众对美联储的信任。这可能导致股市、债市剧烈波动,甚至波及加密货币市场。毕竟,加密资产虽然标榜「去中心化」,但其价格仍受宏观经济环境和投资者情绪的强烈影响。

特朗普的咄咄逼人甚至让一些批评鲍威尔的人都感到担忧。资深民主党参议员沃伦表示,破坏美联储的独立性可能引发市场崩溃。

特朗普要「炒掉」鲍威尔?对加密市场影响几何?

虽然有法律和市场的两张「护身符」,但这并不代表鲍威尔的位置毫不受到威胁。近期美国最高法院正在审理一宗涉及总统解雇独立机构高级官员权力的案件。该案虽针对的不是美联储,而是国家劳动关系委员会和功绩制保护委员会,但判决结果可能为特朗普提供法律依据。虽然 1935 年的「汉弗莱遗嘱执行人诉美国案」曾确立了限制总统无故解雇独立机构领导人的先例,但如今的保守派最高法院可能重新审视这一裁决。如果法院倾向于扩大总统权力,鲍威尔的位置可能真的岌岌可危。

此外,鲍威尔的支持度也并非牢不可破。相比特朗普第一任期,鲍威尔如今面临的质疑更多。一些人认为,美联储在 2022-2023 年遏制通胀的行动过于迟缓,导致政策失误。白宫内部的盟友认为,特朗普周四早上的帖文更多是试图扰乱鲍威尔的立场,并将其塑造成未来「经济问题的替罪羊」,可能削弱其公众支持,增加被替换的风险。

对加密市场影响如何?

或许解雇鲍威尔并不是最关键的,对特朗普来说,这次的目标似乎是通过施压美联储「开闸放水」,通过大幅降息以刺激经济增长。

降息通常意味着流动性增加,美元购买力下降,通胀预期上升。在这种环境下,加密货币,尤其是有「数字黄金」之称的比特币,可以吸引资金流入。回顾 2020 年,美联储为应对疫情将利率降至接近零,比特币价格从不到 1 万美元飙升至 2021 年底的 6.7 万美元,创下历史高点,类似场景或许在特朗普的降息压力下重演。

特朗普要「炒掉」鲍威尔?对加密市场影响几何?

此外,特朗普的关税政策可能进一步推高通胀。根据鲍威尔的警告,关税可能导致进口商品价格上涨,挤压家庭预算,推高物价。耶鲁大学的估算显示,关税的通胀效应相当于每户家庭增加 4900 美元的实际税负。在通胀压力下,投资者可能将资金转向比特币等主流币种,甚至追逐高风险的山寨币,掀起一波牛市热潮。

更进一步来看,美联储若迫于政治压力丧失独立性,美国货币政策的公信力或将受损。DeFi 和区块链技术是对传统金融体系缺陷的补位。如果美联储被政治化,可能会加速投资者对美元体系的失望,推动资金流入 DeFi 等生态。

然而,降息并非万能灵药。鲍威尔在昨天的芝加哥经济俱乐部演讲中警告,特朗普的关税政策可能将美国经济推入「滞胀」困境——通胀高企与经济增长放缓并存。这种环境将使美联储的双重使命(稳定物价和最大化就业)变得异常复杂。

在滞胀环境中,美联储可能面临两难选择:降息刺激经济可能加剧通胀,而维持高利率又会抑制增长。对于加密货币市场来说,这意味着剧烈的价格波动。

这场特朗普与鲍威尔的博弈,最终可能演变为一场没有赢家的消耗战,而受伤的是市场信心与经济稳定。历史告诉我们,政治干预的代价,往往由普通投资者的钱包和超市账单来偿还。

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