区块链中的区块链层L0、L1、L2、L3分别是什么

白话区块链2022-06-15 tarihinde yayınlandı2022-06-15 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

区块链一共有六层架构:数据层、网络层、共识层、激励层、合约层和应用层。这六层分别和layer0、layer1、layer2有什么样的关系呢?

区块链是比特币的底层技术,它一共有六层架构:数据层、网络层、共识层、激励层、合约层和应用层。

而这六层又分别和layer0、layer1、layer2有什么样的关系呢?话不多说,我们用下面这张图说清楚。

看到了吗,这六层分别对应这样L0、L1、L2。

Layer 0又称数据传输层,对应OSI模型的底层,主要涉及区块链和传统网络之间的结合问题。

Layer 1扩容方案又称链上扩容,指在区块链基层协议上实现的扩容解决方案。

Layer 2扩容方案又称链下扩容,指不改变区块链底层协议和基础规则,通过状态通道、侧链等方案提高交易处理速度。

而上图中没有提及的Layer3指的是客户端应用层,所以未在区块链的逻辑技术里面提及。

在区块链行业中,可拓展性、Layer 0/1/2/3无疑是一系列经常被提及的术语。尤其是在现在,以太坊积极进行合并扩容的情况下,Layer 2可说是最热的主题之一了。

那么什么是区块链的Layer 0、Layer 1、Layer 2、Layer 3,这三层架构各自又有什么不同的特点、用途呢?今天就来分别讲讲这四层。

一、四层总览

话不多说,再上一张图。该图从由技术底层逻辑到客户运用往上排列,并举出了一些具体代表案例。

那接下来我们分别看看每一层的作用。

二、Layer0层

L0是底楼,这是互联网和硬件连接存在的地方,在这里比特币可以利用传统网络在第 1 层顺利运行。第 0 层有这样几个作用:

1)允许区块链相互交互

一个很好的例子是 Cosmos,它创建了一个可互操作的区块链生态系统,这要归功于其“ Tendermint IBC ”(区块链间通信协议)。

对于开发人员来说,这是巨大的进步。如果一个 Dapp 可以在一个区块链上运行,它也可以在其他区块链上自动运行而无需投入更多时间和资源在另一个链上构建相同的应用程序,只要它们是使用相同的第 0 层构建的。

2) 更快、更便宜的交易

使用 IBC,PoS 共识可以实现跨多个链进行交易,导致最终确定时间几乎在瞬间发生(最终确定 = 当一个块被批准时,不能回滚,并且被认为是不可逆的)。这使得跨链交易所的交易更快、更便宜。

3) 是开发人员的基础设施

有了L0的存在,开发人员不需要从头开始构建他们的区块链。许多功能都是预先构建的,可以立即实施。

三、Layer1层

第 1 层是在自己的区块链上处理和完成交易的区块链(例如比特币和以太坊)。这是诸如共识(PoW、PoS)之类的事情以及诸如区块时间和争议解决之类的所有技术细节运作的地方。

第一层最重要的三个方面是正在克服的区块链三难困境:去中心化、安全性和可扩展性。但截至目前为止,仍然没有一个区块链能够同时很好地解决这三个问题。

四、Layer2层

第 2 层是与第 1 层结合使用的第三方集成,Layer2诞生的主要目的便是为了提高可扩展性和每秒交易数(系统吞吐量)。

当你听到零知识汇总(zk rollups)、侧链或任何与加快事务吞吐量有关的事情时,大概率指的都是第 2 层。

五、Layer3层

第三层是应用层。L3 与 L2 相关,就像 L2 与 L1 相关一样。这是我们作为消费者实际与之交互的 UI平台。比如有人认为使用以太坊 Layer2 ,交易吞吐量仍然有限,而且 Gas 不够便宜,无法执行以订单簿为中心的去中心化交易所所需的所需交易,就需要依靠第三层分流。

目前在Layer1和Layer2之间使用的跨链通道非常低效且昂贵。所以将层级间与同层间的组合操作平移至Layer3可能是一个不错的选择,而且更易于实施。因为定制化的Layer3是通过Layer2而不是Layer1进行互操作,这显然会更便宜。

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