如何从确定性中获利?从培养概率思维开始

币界网2024-08-23 tarihinde yayınlandı2024-08-23 tarihinde güncellendi

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作者:Game

编译:深潮TechFlow

交易中的概率思维

交易的核心在于在不确定性中做出决策。就像在扑克游戏中一样,你是在缺乏完整信息的情况下下注,这也是为什么许多成功的交易者往往有扑克背景或精通博弈论。这两者都教会我们如何进行战略思考、评估概率和有效管理风险。通过采用概率思维方式,你可以将关注点从预测结果转向根据可能情景管理风险。正如 Annie Duke 在《思考下注》中所说:“当你在思考下注时,你是在将未来视为一组可能性,而不是一个单一的、预定的结果”。

每笔交易都是一次下注

每一笔交易都是经过深思熟虑的下注,而不是一个必然的结果。要在交易中成功,你需要以概率的角度来看待问题。与其专注于单笔交易的结果,不如把它视为众多可能结果中的一种。这种思维方式有助于你避免因损失或收益而产生的情绪反应,因为你清楚地知道你的策略优势会在多笔交易中显现出来。Nassim Taleb 在《被随机性愚弄》中提醒我们:“我们常常认为世界比实际更可预测,并且我们理解的比我们实际理解的要多”。

示例

假设你发现了一种低成交量的山寨币的有前景的交易机会,强烈的技术信号指向突破。然而,你也意识到由于流动性低而存在风险。通过将这笔交易视为一次概率下注,你可以保守地设定头寸规模,从而确保交易与概率相符,最小化潜在损失的影响。

以概率思考

理解概率理论是采用概率思维的关键。这是关于估计各种结果的可能性,并认识到没有单一交易是可预测的,但随着时间的推移,模式会逐渐显现。正如 Peter L. Bernstein 在《与众神对抗:风险的非凡故事》中所说:“风险管理的本质在于最大化我们对结果有一定控制的领域,同时最小化我们对结果完全没有控制的领域”。

示例

设想你正在基于一种历史上获胜率为 55% 的策略交易一篮子货币对。你知道在任何给定的交易中,结果是不确定的,就像投掷一个加重的硬币。然而,由于你的策略具有统计优势,你的重点不在于任何单笔交易,而是在大量交易中持续执行这一策略。随着时间的推移,55% 的胜率应该会转化为利润,即使过程中会有亏损的情况。关键是要信任这个过程,让大数法则为你服务。

拥抱贝叶斯思维

概率思维的重要组成部分是贝叶斯推理,它涉及到随着新信息的到来更新你的信念。在交易中,这意味着根据市场条件和新数据不断调整预期。凯恩斯曾说:“当事实改变时,我改变我的想法。你呢,先生?”

示例

假设你看到一种主要加密货币的突破模式,并估计上涨的概率为 70%。然后,意外的宏观新闻出现。你迅速重新评估情况,将概率降低到 50%,并决定部分获利。这种持续的调整体现了贝叶斯思维的本质,你会随着新数据的出现不断细化你的概率。

胖尾风险(Fat-Tailed Risk)与不对称性

在交易中,你必须认识到并非所有风险都是相等的。市场通常表现出胖尾分布,极端事件的发生比你预期的更为频繁。理解这一点有助于你为可能显著影响你的投资组合的异常事件做好准备。Nassim Nicholas Taleb 在《黑天鹅》中警告我们:“无法预测异常事件意味着无法预测历史本身的发展”。

示例

加密市场充满了这样的案例,FTX 是一个大家都记得的例子。最初对该公司资产负债表的担忧迅速演变成全面的流动性危机,几乎一夜之间抹去了数十亿美元的市场价值。这一事件突显了加密市场中固有的胖尾风险,其中信用和杠杆可以将单一故障点升级为广泛的传染,触发整个资产类别的极端价格波动。

应对运气和不确定性

运气在交易中发挥着重要作用,虽然你的技能不可或缺,但承认随机性影响的必要性同样重要。通过认识到运气的角色,你可以避免过度自信,并保持自律。正如丹尼尔·卡尼曼在《思考,快与慢》中所提到的:“我们倾向于高估自己对世界的理解,并低估偶然性在事件中的作用”。

示例

假设你投资了一种 DeFi 代币,由于监管公告的影响,它的价值意外翻了一番。在这种情况下,你不应该增加对类似高风险资产的投资,而是要意识到运气的影响,保持谨慎,专注于那些你能更好评估概率的交易。

避免结果陷阱

仅仅根据结果来评判你的决策很容易陷入“结果主义”的陷阱。这种认知偏差使我们忽视了决策过程的重要性。为了避免这种情况,应该关注决策过程的质量,而不是单个交易的结果。正如 Annie Duke 在我最喜欢的书《思考下注》中所强调的:“我们生活的质量是决策质量与运气的总和”。

示例

你可能在当地市场反弹期间通过高风险的杠杆交易获利。尽管这让你容易将成功归功于自己的交易技能,但请停下来反思。通过过程导向的回顾,你可能会发现,这一结果更多是运气的结果,而非策略的成功。意识到这一点,可以帮助你避免因幸运结果而重复冒险行为。

整合思考

通过关注概率而非确定性,你能够做出更明智的决策,有效管理风险,并保持自律,无论结果如何。

“未来是不确定的。因此,决策无法做到完美自信。但它们可以以勇气做出。” - Peter L. Bernstein

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