京东、圆币、渣打入局,香港稳定币「沙盒」谁将胜出?

深潮2024-07-23 tarihinde yayınlandı2024-07-23 tarihinde güncellendi

财库局和金管局正全力推进法例草拟,年底前有望将条例草案提交立法会审议。

撰文:博文,白露会客厅

2024 年 7 月 18 日,香港金融管理局(下称香港金管局)发布了稳定币沙盒参与者名单。京东、圆币、渣打成为正式参与者,日后 3 家机构将与监管合作,测试其运作计划,并就拟议监管要求作双向沟通,以制定切合目的和风险为本的监管制度。同时指出,起步阶段「沙盒」试验不会涉及使用公众的资金,亦不会以「沙盒」的名义向公众集资或提供任何相关产品。

财经事务及库务局和金管局表示,7 月 17 日,双方已就在香港实施稳定币发行人监管制度的立法建议发表谘询总结,目前正全力推进法例的草拟工作,年底前有望把相关的条例草案提交立法会审议。

进入「沙盒」的要求

金管局表示,设立「沙盒」的目的,是测试稳定币发行人的业务流程,评估他们如何合规和可持续地在香港开展稳定币业务。因此进入「沙盒」的申请者需要展示详尽且具备一定可行性的业务和「沙盒」计划。

关键之一,就是申请者需要提出具体的应用场景,并说明其稳定币业务如何切实可行地解决经济活动中的痛点,为香港的经济和金融活动带来效益和新机遇。与此同时,申请者需要説明他们的业务网络、供应链或主要合作伙伴如何推动该稳定币的长远需求,以达致业务可持续发展的目标。此外,申请者需要具体说明如何透过「沙盒」去展示稳健而合规的稳定币发行、分销、赎回流程,并解释其运作如何符合监管要求,包括稳定币储备管理及托管,以及就信用、流动性、科技、业务操作、反洗钱等风险实施的管控措施。

考虑到「沙盒」有效运作的实际需要,「入盒」门槛有相当的要求,只有完全满足以上条件的申请者方能「入盒」。在完成立法、新法例生效之前,金管局会继续处理「沙盒」的查询和申请。

个别机构包括现有的稳定币发行人是否申请进入「沙盒」取决于众多因素,例如法例实施后该发行人的业务计划、是否有需要在现阶段和有限范围内测试稳定币发行流程等。需要强调的是,进入「沙盒」并非将来申请稳定币发行人牌照的先决条件,即使已进入「沙盒」的参与机构,如日后有意获取牌照,亦须在监管制度落实后另行提交正式申请。

稳定币的应用场景

金管局指出,发展数字金融的重点是要引进新兴的科技手段,解决、突破传统金融运作模式所存在的痛点、难点,更好地服务经济活动中的企业和个人,改善效率,降低成本,提升体验。

首批参与「沙盒」的三家机构提出的主要应用场景包括支付、供应链管理和资本市场用例。现时在这些场景下进行资金调拨可能牵涉不同时区的金融机构、支付服务公司、结算系统等,这些「中间人」或金融基建并非 24/7 全天候运作,而且费用颇高昂且有效率偏低等痛点。

稳定币不但可以发挥交易媒介的作用,降低成本和减省交易时间,还可以利用其可编程的特性,开拓多种类的创新方案,使金融服务流程自动化和智能化,便利资金流动之余,可以更精准地管理与交易相关的各种风险。除了以上的应用场景,「沙盒」参与机构亦提出其他用例,包括 Web3、游戏以及虚拟资产交易等。

管理风险和合规措施

「沙盒」的所有运作和测试将会在受限制的范围内和风险可控的环境中进行。参与机构会测试不同应用场景下的稳定币发行流程,同时将特别重视业务操作风险和科技风险。

过程中监管局会观察参与机构如何遵守拟议的监管要求,例如如何确保储备资产是优质和具高流动性、稳定币的赎回是否顺畅和可以在合理时间内完成、钱包和私钥的管理是否稳健,以及有否落实保障稳定币持有者和反洗钱的措施。除了需要符合「沙盒」的要求和香港的法律,如应用场景牵涉跨境支付,参与机构还必须确保机构本身和海外合作伙伴在进行测试的过程中严格遵守当地适用的法律和法规。视乎参与者的方案、测试的进展和风险可控程度,金管局可以适当调整「沙盒」测试的设计场景和应用范围。

据悉,自 3 月宣布推出稳定币发行人「沙盒」以来,金管局共收到数十家机构查询;京东、圆币、渣打 3 家机构谁的方案最有可能「跑出来」?是否还会有更多机构参与?仍有诸多不确定性。

京东币链科技

京东币链科技公司在 2024 年 3 月正式注册,主要业务包括数字货币支付系统和区块链基础设施建设。

根据领英的资料显示,公司 CEO 刘鹏现任京东科技副总裁,长期深耕于金融科技领域,先后供职于腾讯、华为、蚂蚁金服、京东等企业。目前,京东币链科技已获得香港证券及期货事务监察委员会(SFC)的第 1 类(证券交易)、第 4 类(就证券提供意见)和第 9 类(资产管理)牌照。

圆币科技

圆币创新科技有 DeFi、数字支付和金融科技背景,公司开发并运营多种 DeFi 应用,为用户提供包括去中心化交易、借贷、收益农场等服务。圆币科技目前有两大业务:支持数字法币支付的「圆币钱包」和「港元稳定币」。

团队有传统金融经验和大陆背景,其由香港金管局前总裁陈德霖创办并担任董事会主席,而另外六名董事为众安在线董事长欧亚平、众安国际总裁许炜、HashKey Group 董事长肖风、Dragonfly Capital 管理合伙人冯波、博奇环保非执行董事郑拓及虞梵韵。

此次入选稳定币「沙盒」,圆币科技行政总裁 Rita Liu 表示:「港元稳定币真正落地的过程,需要监管和市场一定时间互相了解。我们需要多跟监管沟通。而且区块链本身就有很多优势,比如它的透明性、可追溯性,在打击犯罪、反洗钱方面都是有优势的,这也是监管看好的地方。」

「行业内的一些稳定币发行商有一个共识的,五年之内,市场很有可能达到三万亿美金,稳定币可以把更多传统金融市场的量带入 Web3,圆币科技如能把 Web2 和 Web3 桥接好,就会拓展出巨大的市场。」

渣打银行

渣打银行(香港)有限公司、Animoca Brands Limited、HKT 三家在虚拟资产及稳定币领域进行了联手布局。

渣打银行(香港)有限公司正在设立比特币和以太坊交易柜台,使其成为首批进入现货加密货币交易的全球银行之一。此外,渣打银行通过其子公司 Zodia Custody 在香港推出了加密货币托管服务,主要面向机构投资者。在区块链应用方面,渣打银行(香港)已成功完成了首个跨区块链平台的试点交易,该交易连接了香港的 eTradeConnect 和中国人民银行的贸易金融平台(PBCTFP)。

Animoca Brands Limited 总部位于香港,专注区块链游戏和数字娱乐领域。公司在该季度的预订收入达到了 9000 万美元,相比 2023 年同期的 5200 万美元增长了 72%。其中,6500 万美元来自数字资产咨询服务,包括代币咨询、交易和区块链节点运营。

香港电讯有限公司(HKT)是香港最大的综合电讯服务提供商之一,该公司成立于 1925 年。

对于本次合作,Animoca Brands 表示:「香港电讯(HKT)将致力透过沙盒探索稳定币的创新如何支持本地及跨境支付,为消费者和商户带来更大裨益;渣打银行(香港)则会积极参与稳定币发行人沙盒探讨如何以最有效的方式支持香港数码资产生态系统蓬勃发展,并深入了解稳定币市场的演变为此生态系统所带来的机遇与风险;而 Animoca Brands 则致力推动数码资产普及应用,并将区块链相关科技方案应用于实体资产和传统经济。」

与数码港元等央行数字货币不同,稳定币面向各国金融机构,是民间金融活动的重要工具之一。香港以稳定币发行为重点,逐步建立全面的监管框架,将是香港发展以虚拟资产为核心的金融基础设施建设过程中至关重要的一步;但另一方面,香港现行的监管框架极为严格,成本高昂,对机构具体实行而言是极大的挑战。本次稳定币「沙盒」能否在保障稳定币解决方案落实的同时,最大限度的「机构友好」以完成市场的推进,亦是另一个需要关注的重点。

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