让众议院和总统互相否决的SAB 121,到底如何影响加密资产和企业?

Odaily星球日报2024-07-13 tarihinde yayınlandı2024-07-13 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

敲黑板,读三遍:众议院试图否决拜登否决众议院对于SEC指导意见的否决,但是失败了。

原创|Odaily星球日报

作者|jk

让众议院和总统互相否决的SAB 121,到底如何影响加密资产和企业?

本周,美国众议院举行了推翻拜登支持美 SEC 的加密货币会计政策 SAB 121 的投票,但投票结果远未达到推翻总统决定所需的三分之二票数。

背景信息:到底发生了什么?

什么是 SAB 121 ?

员工会计公告 121 号(SAB 121)是美国证券交易委员会(SEC)发布的一项指导意见,要求持有加密货币的公司在其资产负债表上记录这些资产,并披露相关风险。该公告适用于所有受 SEC 监管的实体,特别是银行和金融机构,可能会导致它们面临更高的资本要求,从而影响其提供加密货币托管服务的能力。

SEC 表示,SAB 121 是“非约束性的员工指导意见”,旨在加强对投资者的披露。

那么在 SEC 提出之后发生了什么?

此前在 5 月,内布拉斯加州共和党众议员迈克·弗洛德(Mike Flood)和北卡罗来纳州民主党众议员威利·尼克尔(Wiley Nickel)在 2 月份提出了推翻该公告的决议。众议院以 228-182 的票数通过投票推翻 SEC 的 SAB 121 。一周后,参议院以 60 票对 38 票通过了该决议,但随后这一决定被拜登否决。他领导下的白宫表示,通过引用《国会审查法》,立法者可能“在不适当的情况下限制 SEC 确保适当防护措施的能力。”

要推翻总统拜登的否决,国会两院都需要三分之二的多数,即参议院需要 100 名参议员中的 67 票,众议院需要 290 票。周四的众议院投票未达到这一三分之二的多数门槛。21 名民主党人和 207 名共和党人投了赞成票,而 183 名民主党人和 1 名共和党人投了反对票。

概括下剧情线,就是 SEC 提出了 SAB 121 → 众议院投票否决 → 参议院投票否决 → 拜登否决了参众两院的否决,支持 SAB 121 → 参众两院目前在投票,试图否决拜登的否决,从而禁止 SAB 121 ,但是目前在众议院投票环节失败了。

目前,在今年美国大选的背景下,SAB 121 实际上已经成为两党总统候选人和议员们对于加密行业态度的试金石和角力场。

美国立法流程是怎么样的?

  1. 法案提出:首先,法案由众议院或参议院的议员提出。

  2. 委员会审查:法案被提交给相关的委员会进行审查、讨论和修改。

  3. 众议院投票:委员会通过后,法案在众议院进行全体投票。如果获得简单多数(超过半数)支持,法案通过。

  4. 参议院投票:法案接着送到参议院。如果参议院也以简单多数通过,法案就送交总统签署。

  5. 总统签署或否决:总统可以选择签署法案使其成为法律,或者否决法案。如果总统否决了法案,法案就不能立即生效。

  6. 如果总统否决:如果总统否决了法案,会将其退回给提出法案的议院(通常是众议院),并附上否决理由。

  7. 众议院重新投票:众议院可以对总统的否决进行重新投票。如果要推翻总统的否决,需要达到三分之二的多数票(290 票,如果全部 435 名众议员都投票)。

  8. 参议院重新投票:如果众议院成功推翻总统的否决,法案接着送到参议院。如果参议院也以三分之二的多数票(67 票,如果全部 100 名参议员都投票)通过,法案将推翻总统的否决并成为法律。

目前,推翻 SAB 121 的决议停在了第 7 步。

投票失败后,各方反应如何?

SEC

据 The Block 报道,SEC 发言人在 4 月份发表声明称:“我们一次又一次地看到加密公司失败,看到他们的客户排队等候破产法庭,希望能得到他们认为合法属于自己的东西。我们也看到,当这些资产被隐藏在资产负债表之外时,对托管这些资产的公司的投资者的风险。这些披露为投资者提供了对加密托管人承担的风险水平的重要洞察。”

试图推翻 SAB 121 的一方

提出该决议的内布拉斯加州共和党众议员迈克·弗洛德(Mike Flood)在投票失败后表示,他将继续追求其他途径终止 SAB 121 ,以便让政府不再妨碍数字金融未来的发展。在众议院前,弗洛德称 SAB 121  “不是一个政治问题,而是一个糟糕的监管”,限制银行参与数字资产托管,并补充说 SEC 在定义银行托管政策时超越了其权限。

众议院金融服务委员会主席、北卡罗来纳州共和党人帕特里克·麦克亨利(Patrick McHenry)谴责拜登的否决,表示政府“宁愿玩弄政治,站在权力贪婪的官僚一边,而不是站在美国人民一边”,不允许该决议的成功。

美国银行协会重申 SAB 121 要求银行将客户加密货币计入资产负债表,这“实际上阻止了银行大规模提供数字资产托管服务”,并限制了银行采用比特币 ETF 和代币化的能力。

据 Coindesk 报道,“总统无视国会的两党支持,以避免他的叛逆 SEC 主席陷入尴尬,”代表华盛顿加密货币行业的数字商会首席政策官科迪·卡本(Cody Carbone)说道。

最新进展:SEC 可能与银行业达成共识

加利福尼亚州众议员马克辛·沃特斯(Maxine Waters)表示,本周该政策的争论几乎变得无关紧要,因为 SEC 正在与银行业代表协商“有针对性的修改”,并“可能接近达成协议”。但她指出,“共和党人仍在推进这种粗暴且过于宽泛的方法”,她认为这会削弱监管机构的作用。

Odaily 在今日报道了这一修改,具体为美 SEC 允许某些公司豁免于加密货币会计政策 SAB 121 

SEC 的一名知情人士表示,SEC 的工作人员已开始发布指导意见,根据两年前发布的指导意见,某些安排可能不需要在资产负债表上报告负债。

从 2023 年开始与 SEC 工作人员进行磋商的几家大型银行获得了绕开资产负债表报告的许可,可以确保其客户的资产在破产或倒闭的情况下得到保护。该知情人士称,其他措施,如旨在更好地保护这些资产的内部保障措施,将解决与新兴资产类别相关的法律风险。其还称,SEC 认为,指导意见发挥了作用,公司已经做出了调整,以应对黑客攻击和业务失败给投资者带来的威胁。

SEC 的会计立场可能会扩大美国加密货币持有者可以选择的公司范围,以容纳他们不断增长的投资组合。银行称,会计处理实际上阻止了他们提供加密服务,因为更大的资产负债表将触发银行监管机构设定的资本要求,而不是 SEC。

消息人士称,银行在与 SEC 工作人员的闭门磋商中成功辩称,钱包和现货比特币 ETF 应该不在 SAB 121 范围之内。

为交易所和投资者提供加密会计产品的 TaxBit 会计解决方案主管 Aaron Jacob 表示,金融机构越来越渴望参与加密行业,尤其是现在 SEC 已经批准了现货比特币产品。

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