美众议院前议长:稳定币可帮助美国避免债务危机

Odaily星球日报2024-06-17 tarihinde yayınlandı2024-06-17 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

美元稳定币可能会成为美国国债的最大购买者之一。

原文作者:Paul D. Ryan,美国众议院前议长、Paradigm 政策委员会成员

原文编译:Luffy,Foresight News

美国的经济和社会实验正处于一个关键的十字路口,这一点在国家债务方面表现得最为明显。美国正走向一场可预测但也可以避免的债务危机。如果不采取任何措施,经济将停滞不前,政府对医疗保健和退休保障的承诺也将落空。更为严重的是,国防开支的削减将使国家处于危险之中。

在财政困局日益凸显,有效解决方案依旧遥不可及的背景下,危机很可能始于失败的国债拍卖,从而迫使财政预算进行大规模调整。随着经济萎缩,美元将遭受重大的信用冲击,这将进一步危及经济增长前景。显而易见的答案是解决这些问题的根源。福利计划是债务的驱动因素,需要改革,但政客们没有勇气去做他们需要做的事情。因此,这个国家走上了危险的道路。我们能做些什么呢?

不妨先认真考虑一下稳定币。根据美国财政部和加密货币分析网站 DeFiLlama 的数据,美元支持的稳定币正在成为美国政府债务的重要净购买者。如果将法定货币支持的美元稳定币发行者看作一个国家,那么它仅仅排在美国国债的前 10 名持有者之后——比香港小,但比沙特阿拉伯大。如果该行业继续增长,稳定币可能会成为美国政府债务的最大购买者之一。

稳定币作为推广美元的机制出现可谓恰逢其时。美元作为主要国际储备货币的地位使美国受益匪浅。其好处包括:为财政支出提供廉价、可靠的融资,以及对全球金融体系产生巨大影响。由于美元的主导地位,大多数金融活动最终都会通过美国银行进行。随着全球经济变得更加数字化和多极化,美元的主导地位不断受到威胁。

中国明白正在发生的事情。北京的金融当局已将数字货币作为该国国际发展战略和外交政策的支柱。中国政府正在利用新兴市场的实体和数字基础设施投资,加上金融工程,将人民币嵌入其可以控制的网络中,以施加影响力。美国不能坐视其最大的国际竞争对手挖掘对安全便捷的数字货币的潜在需求。理解美元如何获得权力的框架需要随着世界的变化而更新。

举个例子,说明美元主导地位的驱动因素。假设一家日本公司向威斯康星州的客户出售产品或服务。该公司如何处理收到的美元?自 20 世纪 70 年代初以来,该公司可以将其投入规模庞大、流动性强的美国国债市场。最吸引人的地方在于,美国国债得到了世界上最具活力的经济体的支持。毕竟,美国政府债务是对美国经济未来产出的索取。

撇开美国政府债务不断增长的问题,山姆大叔(注:美国的绰号和拟人化形象)能够持续在国际市场上以低利率出售债务这一事实,证明了一件重要的事情:世界其他国家对美元的需求无止境。然而,有迹象表明,这一现状可能正在改变,而且变化很快。

中国和沙特阿拉伯等历史上曾大量购买美国债务的国家正在逐渐退出市场。它们开始越来越多地寻求美元体系之外的支付结算方式。与此同时,美国政府面临债务拍卖失败的风险也越来越大,这一可怕的未来将扰乱市场并严重损害美国的信誉。

如果其他国家在抛售美国国债的同时成功提升本国货币的影响力,美国将需要寻找新的方法来提高美元的吸引力。美元支持的稳定币就是答案之一。

大多数稳定币的持有者都来自经济较弱落后的国家,而这些国家的底层机构正在寻找「更优质」的资金。正如商品期货交易委员会前主席 Timothy G. Massad 最近在布鲁金斯学会的一篇研究论文中所描述的那样,稳定币类似于欧洲美元,即在冷战期间推动美元主导地位的离岸美元计价负债。

推广美元支持的稳定币将走上一条老路,并带来明显的短期利益。此举将持久地增加对美国债务的需求,降低债务拍卖失败和债务危机的风险。与中国的数字金融基础设施不同,在公共、无需许可的区块链上发行的美元支持的稳定币蕴含着美国一贯的自由和开放价值观。

一个健全、可预测的稳定币监管框架得到了国会两党的支持,将有助于在关键时刻大幅扩大数字美元的使用。在选举年,考虑到即将到来的所有丑陋的政治局面,我们需要一场这样的胜利来稳固金融市场的信心。

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