跨链的本质是什么？由CCTP引发的一系列思考

Odaily星球日报2024-04-20 tarihinde yayınlandı2024-04-20 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

无论是稍微早一点的 Op stack、Arbitrum Nova 等全栈服务，还是近期的 Celestia、Dymension、Cosmos 等模块化区块链，都大幅度降低了创造一条新链的门槛，并且可以预见的未来应用链的数量相比现在只增不减。这种趋势带来了一个问题，就是流动性的进一步分散，通过更高效、便宜、安全的跨链将链之间的数据孤岛链接起来。

研究员：E2MResearch，Steven

疑惑

  • 跨链未来的形态会是什么样的？

  • CM：中心化是主流方案！！安全性问题没有想象的那么严重。

  • 链变多对于跨链的需求会变多么？

某种意义上与加密货币都与美元挂钩，是否意味着美元挂钩的稳定币有能力控制流动性？

当下跨链的解决方案基本上都是：

  • 流动性互换，预备流动性池

  • （源链）锁定+（目标链）包装/映射资产

而销毁/铸造 u 本质上打破了这两者存在的局限性。

研究初衷

无论是稍微早一点的 Op stack、Arbitrum Nova 等全栈服务，还是近期的 Celestia、Dymension、Cosmos 等模块化区块链，都大幅度降低了创造一条新链的门槛，并且可以预见的未来应用链的数量相比现在只增不减。这种趋势带来了一个问题，就是流动性的进一步分散，通过更高效、便宜、安全的跨链将链之间的数据孤岛链接起来。

资金跨链的本质

  • 通证交换：最简单的跨链是不同链上 Token 之间的交换。例如，A 和 B 达成了协议，A 用在 BTC 上的 1 个 BTC，换 B 在 ETH 上的 10 个 ETH，为了保证双方均守约，通过“哈希时间锁”的跨链技术让双方同时交易。WBTC 是最典型的例子。

  • 通证传递：一条链上的原生资产，流通到另外的链上。例如，现链 A 上的资产参与链 B 上的 DeFi 应用（Aave V4的 Portal、Compound V3），构建一个更普惠的开放金融，也可以将通证从一个昂贵的链，转移到一个经济链，节省交易费用，或者从一个缓慢的链转移到快速的链，实现扩容，亦或者，从一个非隐私链，转移到一个隐私链，实现交易隐私。

  • 信息传递：一条链上的原生资产，流通到另外链上的同时，同时可以执行智能合约，也就偏向 LayerZero、Zetachain 等项目的链抽象概念。

三者之间是包含的关系，但是根据实际情况也不一定所有的 Dapp 都需要做的大而全。

跨链的本质是什么？由CCTP引发的一系列思考

1. 跨链分类对比

1.1 常见的跨链桥资金转移方案

目前市场中常见的跨链桥资金转移方案主要有两种：“锁定/销毁 + 铸造”和“流动性互换”。

  • “锁定/销毁 + 铸造”会锁定或销毁源链上的原生资产，同时在目标链上铸造等量的包装资产以实现资金跨链传递。但这种解决方案并没有实现真正的资金跨链。用户在目标链上的包装资产仅代表用户在源链上资金的证明，原生资产并没有被转移。

  • 目前，使用“锁定/销毁+铸造”方案的跨链桥包括 WBTC、Multichain、Wormhole。

  • “流动性互换”方案依靠智能合约实现。跨链桥首先需要在源链和目标链上各建立一个流动性资金池。在资产转移时，用户的资金会被存入源链上的流动性池，然后从目标链的资金池中取出等值资产。这种解决方案真正实现了资金跨链，但它不支持非智能合约平台（Bitcoin）和目标链内不可用的资产（XRP 在以太坊网络中不可用）。

  • 目前，使用“流动性互换”方案的跨链桥包括 Synapse Protocol、Stargate Finance、Hop Protocol 。

1.2 按照跨链范围分类

  • 资产特定跨链桥（Asset-specific）：这类桥主要用于特定资产的跨链转移，例如将比特币（BTC）封装到以太坊（ETH）上的各种 x 比特币资产。封装过程通常涉及将资产在源链上锁定，并在目标链上创建等价的封装资产。由于这类资产的流动性较好，且操作相对简单，因此它们在市场上比较容易部署。

  • 每个目的地链上都需要重新实现封装逻辑，这限制了它们的功能扩展性。

  • WBTC 等

跨链的本质是什么？由CCTP引发的一系列思考

  • 链特定跨链桥（Chain-specific）：这类桥专注于两条特定区块链之间的资产转移。用户可以将代币锁定在源链上，并在目的链上铸造出封装资产。链特定跨链桥由于其结构相对简单，通常可以较快地推向市场。

  • 它们的扩展性较差，通常只能服务于有限的区块链生态系统。例如，Polygon 的 PoS 桥允许用户在以太坊与 Polygon 之间转移资产。

  • 应用特定跨链桥（Application-specific）：这种跨链桥服务于特定的去中心化应用（DApp），允许用户在多个区块链之间使用该应用。应用特定跨链桥通常具有较小的代码库，并且在各个区块链上部署轻量级的适配器，而不是完整的应用。这使得不同区块链上的用户可以共享同一应用的服务，形成网络效应。

  • 这种桥的功能通常难以跨应用扩展。COMP Chain 和 Thorchain 是此类桥梁的例子，分别针对借贷和交易市场。

  • 通常性跨链桥（Generalized）：这类桥旨在支持多个区块链之间的广泛通信。它们通常采用高效的协议设计，如 O( 1)复杂度，从而能够处理大量的跨链消息传输。这种设计带来了强大的互联网效应，即单个项目的集成可以让其访问整个跨链生态系统。

  • 为了实现这种扩展性，通常需要在安全性和去中心化之间做出权衡，这可能会引发一些不可预见的复杂后果。互联互通协议（IBC）是这类桥梁的典型例子，它用于在具有最终确认性保证的异构链之间发送消息

  • 例如：Zetachian、IBC

2. 什么是 CCTP

2024 年 3 月 8 日，CCTP 宣布于 3 月 26 日将 CCTP 正式于 Solana 主网上线；Solana 的战略主管 Austin Federa 发推文说道：“CCTP 将实现 USDC 稳定币从几乎任何网络到 Solana 的无摩擦流动，而无需通过中心化交易所或依赖代币包装。”

跨链的本质是什么？由CCTP引发的一系列思考

图片来源：https://twitter.com/circle/status/1766119655347745231?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1766164252820152602%7Ctwgr%5Ee18525ffb1b0d647ff560ab7fbfdabf0d1589886%7Ctwcon%5Es3

CCTP（跨链传输协议）是 Circle 的一种无需许可的链上工具，可促进不同区块链之间的 USDC 传输。Circle 不需要目标链上的流动性，而是在源链上销毁 USDC 后简单地铸造原生 USDC。

跨链的本质是什么？由CCTP引发的一系列思考

工作原理

  • 首先，用户通过源链上的任何集成门户发起 USDC 转账。用户还可以指定目标链上的钱包地址。从那里，门户/钱包/桥（dApp）在源链上销毁 USDC。

跨链的本质是什么？由CCTP引发的一系列思考

  • Circle 然后在源链上证明销毁事件。然后，dApp 向 Circle 请求证明，后者提供在目标链上铸造已烧毁数量的 USDC 的授权

跨链的本质是什么？由CCTP引发的一系列思考

  • 最后，dApp 使用该证明在目标链上铸造 USDC 并将其发送给接收者。截至目前，Metamask、 5 Bridges 以及 Layer Zero 和 Wormhole 等 10 个不同的合作伙伴 SDK 已与 CCTP 集成。

3. CCTP 合作伙伴

跨链的本质是什么？由CCTP引发的一系列思考

4. 优势对比

  1. CCTP 除了打通 USDC 的流通以外，更宏大的一个前景是成为一个通用性跨链桥，有很多优势

  2. 不需要包装，像各种 xBTC、XETH，很大程度上降低中心化程度和提高安全风险

  3. 不需要预备流通性池，消除流动性需求，实时销毁实时铸造，很大程度提升资本效率

  4. 跨链成本低，仅用消耗销毁、铸造的 Gas fee，基本无滑点

  5. 本身已经兼容 55 条条公链，同时具有可编程性，为用户体验更好的全链 Dapp 提供更多可能性

  6. 本身 USDC 的稳定性+共识，壁垒极高，复制门槛大

  • 局限性

  1. 中心化程度高，但 Circle 这种体量已经属于相对比较放心的机构了

  2. 散户无法参与，是个2b业务

5. 稳定币市场份额

跨链的本质是什么？由CCTP引发的一系列思考

数据来源：

附录

https://foresightnews.pro/article/detail/52378

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