Placeholder:DeFi蓬勃发展,但Web3的下一步是非金融应用

Odaily星球日报2024-04-16 tarihinde yayınlandı2024-04-16 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

区块链作为通用应用平台的宏伟愿景开始取得实质性进展。

原文作者:Mario Laul

原文编译:Luffy,Foresight News

去中心化公共区块链网络已经存在了约 15 年,相关的加密资产目前正经历第四次市场周期。这些年来,尤其是自 2015 年以太坊推出以来,人们投入了大量时间和资源来研究和开发基于这些区块链网络的应用程序。虽然在金融用例方面取得了令人瞩目的进展,但其他类型的应用程序却举步维艰,这主要是因为在去中心化的限制下提供可扩展和无缝的用户体验非常复杂,而且不同生态系统和标准之间存在分歧。然而,区块链行业内外的最新技术进步不仅使更广泛的应用变得可行,而且比以往任何时候都更加必要。

区块链应用的早期阶段受到其核心功能的狭隘定义所驱动:实现数字资产的安全发行和跟踪,而无需依赖传统金融机构或政府机构等中心化中介。无论我们谈论的是区块链原生的同质化代币(例如 BTC 和 ETH)、链下资产(例如国家货币和传统证券)的链上形式,还是代表艺术品、游戏内物品或任何其他类型数字产品或收藏品的非同质化代币(NFT),区块链都会跟踪这些资产,并允许任何可以访问互联网的人在全球范围内进行交易,而无需依赖中心化的金融渠道。考虑到金融行业的规模和重要性,尤其是在数字化、全球化和金融化不断发展的背景下,仅此一项颠覆性的用例就足以证明人们对区块链的兴趣是合理的。

在这个狭义的框架内,除了底层资产账本和维护它们的去中心化网络之外,目前有 5 个具有重要产品市场契合度的区块链应用程序:用于发行代币的应用程序、用于存储私钥和转移代币的应用程序(钱包)、用于交易代币的应用程序(包括去中心化交易所,又称 DEX)、用于借出和借入代币的应用程序,以及使代币相对于传统法定货币具有可预测价值的应用程序(稳定币)。截至撰写本文时,加密市场数据聚合平台 CoinGecko 列出了 13, 000 多种单独的加密资产,总市值约为 2.5 万亿美元,每日交易量超过 1000 亿美元。其中近一半的价值集中在比特币上,另一半的绝大部分分布在排名前 500 的资产中。加密货币的尾部非常长且不断增长,尤其是在 NFT 也加入其中之后,这表明了人们对区块链作为数字资产账本的需求有多大。

根据最近的估计,全球约有 4.2 亿人持有加密货币,其中许多人可能从未或很少与去中心化应用程序互动。硬件钱包制造商 Ledger 报告称,其 Ledger Live 软件每月拥有约 150 万活跃用户,而软件钱包提供商 MetaMask 和 Phantom 分别声称每月活跃用户约有 3000 万和 320 万。再加上每日约 50-100 亿美元的 DEX 交易量、价值约 300-350 亿美元的链上借贷市场锁定资本以及约 1300 亿美元的稳定币市值,这些数字可以反映出上述 5 个应用程序的当前采用水平。它们相对于传统金融和金融科技而言还很渺小,但仍然意义重大。诚然,这些数字应该放在近期加密资产价格飙升的背景下来看,但随着区块链变得越来越合法化(现货比特币 ETF 的批准以及欧洲的 MiCA 等量身定制的监管框架就是最近值得注意的例子),它们也可能继续吸引新的资本和用户,特别是在与传统金融资产和机构日益融合的背景下。

Placeholder:DeFi蓬勃发展,但Web3的下一步是非金融应用

Placeholder:DeFi蓬勃发展,但Web3的下一步是非金融应用

Placeholder:DeFi蓬勃发展,但Web3的下一步是非金融应用

Placeholder:DeFi蓬勃发展,但Web3的下一步是非金融应用

但是,当谈到可以在通用可编程区块链上构建的应用程序时,代币发行、钱包、DEX、借贷和稳定币仅仅是冰山一角。但这 5 个用例不足以证明区块链不仅是增强型资产账本,而且是去中心化数据库和 Web 应用程序平台的通用替代品。全球开发者数量接近 3000 万,而根据 Electric Capital 最新的加密开发者报告,每月在公共区块链上构建的活跃开发者仍然不到 25, 000 名,其中只有约 7, 000 名是全职开发者。这些数字表明,在吸引开发者方面,区块链目前还远远无法与传统软件平台竞争。然而,拥有至少 2 年加密货币经验的开发者数量连续 5 年增加,该行业拥有多个区块链网络生态系统,每个生态系统都有 1, 000 多名贡献者,并且在过去 6-7 年中吸引了 900 亿美元以上的风险投资。虽然这些资金中的绝大部分确实用于构建底层区块链基础设施和核心去中心化金融 (DeFi) 服务(新兴链上经济的支柱),但人们对区块链在非金融领域的用例也产生了浓厚兴趣,例如在线身份、游戏、社交网络、供应链、物联网网络和数字治理等。在最成熟和使用最广泛的智能合约区块链上,这些类型的应用有多成功?

有三个主要指标可以衡量用户对特定区块链和应用程序的兴趣程度:每日活跃地址、每日交易量和每日支付的费用。在解释这些指标之前,你需要知道它们都可以被人为夸大的,因此通常代表了对有机采用的最慷慨的估计。根据链上数据聚合器 Artemis 的数据,在过去 12 个月期间,有 6 个网络在这三个指标中脱颖而出(每个网络至少在两个指标上进入前 6 名):BNB Chain、以太坊、NEAR、Polygon(PoS)、Solana 和 Tron。其中四个网络(BNB Chain、以太坊、Polygon、Tron)采用的是以太坊虚拟机(EVM)的某个版本,因此受益于专门为 EVM 创建的编程语言 Solidity 及其周围的广泛工具和网络效应。 NEAR 和 Solana 都有自己的原生执行环境,主要基于 Rust 语言,尽管 Rust 更为复杂,但与 Solidity 相比具有多种性能和安全性优势,并且在区块链行业之外拥有蓬勃发展的生态系统。

Placeholder:DeFi蓬勃发展,但Web3的下一步是非金融应用

Placeholder:DeFi蓬勃发展,但Web3的下一步是非金融应用

Placeholder:DeFi蓬勃发展,但Web3的下一步是非金融应用

这 6 个网络上的链上活动都高度集中在前 20 个应用程序中,排名靠后的应用的每日活跃地址大幅下降,具体取决于网络。截至 2024 年 3 月,在通常的一天中,前 20 个应用程序占所有三个指标活动的 70-100% ,其中 Tron 和 NEAR 的集中度最高,以太坊和 Polygon 的集中度最低。在所有网络上,前 20 名应用主要由与代币化、钱包和核心 DeFi 原语(交易所、借贷、稳定币)相关的应用程序组成,没有或只有少数应用程序(每个网络 0-4 个)不属于这三个类别。除了用于跨不同区块链转移价值的跨链桥和用于交易 NFT 的市场(两者都应该包括在资产转移和交易类别中)之外,剩下的少数异常值通常是游戏或社交应用程序。然而多数情况下,这些应用程序在整体网络活动中的份额较低(Polygon 的最佳情况不到 20% ,但通常不到 10% )。唯一的例外是 NEAR,但其使用非常集中,两个应用程序(Kai-Ching 和 Sweat)占所有链上活动的约 75-80% ,总共不到有 10 个应用程序的每日活跃地址超过 1, 000 个。

Placeholder:DeFi蓬勃发展,但Web3的下一步是非金融应用

Placeholder:DeFi蓬勃发展,但Web3的下一步是非金融应用

上述内容反映了区块链发展早期的遗产,并进一步巩固了其作为数字资产账本的核心价值主张。对区块链缺乏应用的批评显然是没有依据的,因为它们的主要功能是代币化价值的可编程金融化和安全结算。资产发行、钱包、DEX(或更广泛地说是交易所)、借贷协议和稳定币具有如此强大的产品市场契合度,仅仅是因为它们与这个目的紧密相关。鉴于这 5 个领域都具有相对简单的业务逻辑和强大的正反馈循环,第一代领先的智能合约区块链往往主要由服务于这一狭窄金融用例集的应用程序主导也就不足为奇了。而且,由于许多具有非金融效用的区块链应用程序的拟议用途最终也与代币化和金融化有关,因此从长远来看,这 5 个金融应用程序可能会主导主要的通用区块链。

但是,就作为通用应用平台的更宏伟愿景而言,这会给区块链带来什么影响呢?多年来,加密行业面临的两大挑战是 ( 1) 扩展区块链(在吞吐量和成本方面),以及 ( 2) 在不牺牲底层基础设施的去中心化和安全保障的情况下实现友好的用户体验。在扩容背景下,通常会区分更集成的架构和更模块化的架构,Solana 通常被作为前者的代表,而以太坊及其不断增长的通用和特定于应用程序的 Layer 2 网络(Rollup)生态则代表了后者。实际上,这两种方法并不相互排斥,它们之间存在相当大的重叠和交叉。更重要的一点是,取决于所讨论的应用程序是否需要与其他应用程序共享状态和最大可组合性,或者不关心无缝互操作性,同时从对其治理和经济的完全主权中获得收益,两者现在都是经过检验的扩展区块链的方式。

目前,区块链应用的终端用户体验也在不断改善。具体而言,得益于账户抽象、链抽象、证明聚合和轻客户端验证等技术,现在可以安全地清除困扰加密货币多年的一些主要用户体验障碍:必须存储私人助记词、需要特定于网络的代币来支付交易费用、账户恢复选项有限以及过度依赖第三方数据提供商,尤其是在同时使用多个独立区块链的情况下。结合不断增长的去中心化数据存储、可验证的链下计算和其他用于增强链上应用程序功能的后端服务,当前和即将到来的应用程序开发周期将表明区块链是否会停留在其作为全球金融基础设施的主要角色上,还是充当更通用的角色。除了 DeFi 之外,还有许多用例可以从更高的弹性和以用户为中心的数据和交易控制中受益,例如在线身份和声誉、出版、游戏、无线和物联网网络 (DePIN) 等物理基础设施、去中心化科学 (DeSci),以及解决由人工智能生成的数字内容世界中的真实性问题,因此,后者在理论上始终引人注目。现在,它在实践中变得可行。

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