元宇宙背后的“买铲人”

巴比特2022-02-24 tarihinde yayınlandı2022-03-14 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

无论未来是“元宇宙”还是“方宇宙”,芯片都是赢家。

来源:半导体观察
作者:龚佳佳
2021年的“元宇宙”就像是七八十年代的“二八大杠”自行车一样时髦洋气,区别可能在于“二八大杠”扛起的是小资之家,而“元宇宙”则是扛起了全球科技企业的股价,似乎只要沾上一点“元宇宙”的概念,企业的股价就可以暴涨。但不同于风靡了十几年的“二八大杠”,元宇宙的火热随着22年的到来似乎已经走上了消退之路,2月3日元宇宙概念龙头Meta(Facebook)股价暴跌26.39%,市值更是蒸发2400亿美元(约1.5万亿元)。
消退的原因其实很显而易见,作为一个集VR/AR设备、AI、芯片、通信、云计算、物联网、区块链等前沿技术于一体的科技成果,当前的技术水平显然难以满足“元宇宙”的需求。戳破华丽的外衣,元宇宙显现出来的是尚未成型的胚胎,因此更是有媒体称其为2021年最大的泡沫。
从大方向来看,虽然元宇宙可能是未来互联网发展的趋势,但在Meta暴跌,苹果、微软、高通、AMD、英伟达上涨的当下,能在尚处雏形阶段的元宇宙中掘金的,可能只有提供芯片的“卖铲人”。

芯片,元宇宙之根本
目前大家对于元宇宙还没有一个清晰、明确、具有共识的定义,但可以知道的是,元宇宙将创造一个互通互联的虚拟世界,在这个世界里,人们不仅可以进行电子游戏,还可以举办演唱会,参加毕业典礼、购买房产、举办婚礼,它就像是一个与现实世界平行的新世界,现实世界可以做的事情,你都可以在这里完成。而要达到这样的理想水平,必然会对沉浸感、参与度、永续性等提出更高的要求,因此,提升AR、VR、5G、云计算等技术的成熟度势在必行。
显然,芯片就是提升上述这些技术的关键。知名科技作家陈根曾表示,在芯片产业获得技术的根本性突破之前,元宇宙都难以真正实现。原因就在于芯片产业是元宇宙的基础关键技术之一,所有搭载的元宇宙设备都需要基于芯片,包括所有的数据处理设备也都需要借助于芯片及处理器。

  • VR/AR芯片

作为连接现实世界与元宇宙的重要桥梁,虚拟现实是元宇宙呈现的关键技术。确切的说,元宇宙将由VR驱动,在这个空间内,用户将自由地控制自己的数字化身。
现阶段业内普遍认为,元宇宙时代的硬件就是VR/AR/MR。IDC 数据显示,预计 2024 年 VR/AR 终端出货量超 7600 万台,2020-2024 五年期间 VR/AR 终端出货量增速约为86%。
VR/AR 产品的崛起自然也会带动芯片的发展,对于芯片的需求只增不减。从架构上来说,VR芯片的架构基本和其他智能设备的SoC类似,下文中提到的算力芯片和通讯芯片也是其重要组成部分。从发展趋势来看,如今的VR/AR 芯片已经出现了脱离手机,走向独立和定制化的趋势。

  • 算力芯片

在元宇宙世界,任何构成元宇宙的内容、用户的互动、算法生产等都离不开算力的支撑,只有强大的算力才能对虚拟世界的运行进行高效处理,才能让显示的成像与大量资料的处理更为顺畅。此外,人工智能作为元宇宙发展的关键技术之一,算力更是实现人工智能技术的重要保障。
英特尔高级副总裁Raja Koduri曾表示,沉浸式计算,规模庞大,可供数十亿人实时访问,就需要将计算能力从目前最先进水平至少再提升1000倍,同时实时响应必须少于十毫秒。
目前,算力建设已被正式纳入我国新型基础设施发展建设体系,《“十四五”信息通信行业发展规划》提出算力能力的提升是“十四五”时期的重点任务之一,“在算力提升方面,要实现算力设施服务能力显著增强”。
可以说,元宇宙的发展将推动世界加速进入智能算力时代,算力的供给和发展将决定“元宇宙”的进程。因此,像CPU/GPU 等高速运算芯片成为了关键角色。

  • 无线通讯芯片

元宇宙归根结底是个讲究即时、逼真且稳定互动的虚拟世界,低延迟是它的关键特征之一,这对通讯基础设施尤其是5G提出了更高的要求。高频宽、低延迟、广连结作为5G的三大特性,可以提升VR产品的使用体验。
5G 的高速率在网络上保障了 VR/AR 数据传输的稳定性,而低时延又减少了 VR/AR 眩晕等难题。在此背景下,无线通讯芯片自然也成为了关键。

芯片厂商的胜利
综上所述,芯片对于元宇宙的重要性不言而喻,不少科技界人士都表示芯片是元宇宙的“核心基础”之一。然而元宇宙所需的芯片的技术含量和门槛都很高,这也使得芯片领域成为元宇宙的竞争制高点。谁掌握了深厚的芯片技术,谁就能更容易在元宇宙早期阶段取得超预期表现,这也是一众芯片巨头在元宇宙热潮中能够成为“卖铲人”的原因。

  • 英伟达

在这场没有硝烟的战争中,英伟达是毫无疑问的赢家。过去两年,英伟达的股价一直在上涨,自2020年初以来飙升超过300%,分析师预计,未来五年英伟达的销售额和每股收益的年复合增长率将分别为20%和25%。
正如上文中所提到的,元宇宙中最需要的就是算力,算力是元宇宙最基础的设施,英伟达作为“GPU之父”,最擅长的就是解决算力方面的问题,它所具备的技术可以真正带领芯片朝着元宇宙方向探索。
而其最为热议的标志性事件就是14秒的“数字替身”。在2021年4月英伟达举办的GTC峰会上,英伟达CEO黄仁勋长达1小时48分钟的主题演讲中,有14秒是“数字替身”代为出席。不仅人是替身,黄仁旭身上的标志性皮衣、带壁炉的厨房以及桌上的所有物件,都是通过软件技术渲染出来的仿真画面。这14秒不仅是英伟达Omniverse的宣传,更是对元宇宙赛道的主动覆盖。

  • 高通

作为移动领域的领军企业,高通引领了每一代蜂窝通信技术的演进。高通总裁兼首席执行官安蒙曾在投资者大会上表示,随着智能网联边缘的扩展和元宇宙的兴起,未来十年,高通的潜在市场规模将从目前的1000亿美元增长至7000亿美元。
在高通看来,旗下骁龙将是通往元宇宙的“门票”,其发布的骁龙8 Gen 1分别为连接、AI、影像、音频、安全和游戏,正好对应“元宇宙”所需要的所有元素。除了骁龙芯片外,高通还与微软合作开发可控制轻量级增强现实 (AR) 眼镜的定制芯片,供消费者和企业使用元宇宙应用。

  • 苹果

1月底,苹果发布了截至2021年12月的2022财年第一财季业绩报告。苹果在2021年第四季度的营收为1239.5亿美元、同比增长11%,净利润达346.3亿美元、同比增长20.43%。出色的财报数据让苹果CEO蒂姆·库克一反常态,他表示元宇宙是一个非常有趣的领域,苹果在这个领域看到了很大潜力,正在进行相应的投资。
从苹果的布局来看,大概率是从AR赛道切入元宇宙。无论概念如何变化,AR/VR设备是元宇宙硬件入口已成人们默认的事实,仅仅在2021年,苹果与AR设备有关的专利技术就达到了11项,相当于其全年所获得专利技术的九分之一。
除了国外的芯片巨头外,国内的芯片企业自然也能从元宇宙热潮中分一杯羹。百度深厚的人工智能实力、华为XR及通信的多方布局、阿里强大的云服务能力、小米完善的生态链……诚然这些都是国内的龙头企业,但随着市场的进一步成熟,其余的芯片设计企业也是相当有机会。

先进制程,幕后的赢家
除了芯片设计厂商外,芯片制造商其实也是这场战争幕后的赢家。Morningstar曾在一份报告中称,由于在元宇宙中发生的许多任务涉及到海量数据的实时处理,这将要求涉及的芯片使用只有台积电(TSMC)、三星(Samsung)和英特尔(Intel)才能使用的高级处理节点,将导致芯片制造商的受益“不均衡”。
TrendForce 数据显示,CPU与GPU作为元宇宙的核心角色,在 CPU 方面,英特尔及 AMD 主流产品分别落在 Intel 7 (约等同 10nm)和台积电7nm制程,2022 年已分别有采用台积电3nm 及 5nm 的规划;GPU 方面,AMD 投片规划与 CPU 产品几乎同步;英伟达在台积电、三星分别采用 7nm 及 8nm 制程,同时已有 5nm 制程规划,预计 2023 年初问世。
与热门程度成正比,先进制程的吸金能力也是一流。以台积电为例,2021年台积电总营收为15874.2亿新台币(约合人民币3658.3亿元),相较去年的13400亿新台币增长18.5%。其中,全年5纳米和7纳米合计营收占总营收50%,较2020年增长1个百分点;全年28纳米及以下工艺的营收75%,较2020年增长3个百分点。可以说先进制程扛起了台积电营收的大旗。
根据TrendForce提供的2021年Q3全球晶圆代工厂商排名来看,能进行先进制程芯片制造的企业只有台积电和三星两家,联电、格芯、力积电等都已主动退出先进制程的竞争,而中芯国际、华虹集团等中国大陆企业受限于光刻机等多方因素,也未涉及到先进制程。

此外,未在榜单上出现的英特尔自2021年Pat Gelsinger宣布IDM2.0计划而重返全球芯片代工市场之后,也开始准备与台积电及三星竞争,除了计划投资200亿美元兴建晶圆厂外,还不断传出并购的消息。2月14日,华尔街日报透露,英特尔公司即将达成一项协议,以接近60亿美元的价格收购高塔半导体,如果谈判不破裂,协议最早可能于本周公布。虽然高塔半导体未涉及先进制程,但可以看出英特尔抢夺代工市场的决心。那么,作为吸金主力的先进制程自然不会被轻易放弃,为此,英特尔还特地为其制程节点引入了全新的命名体系,其中包含新的节点命名和实现每个制程节点的创新技术如下:

英特尔视频会议截图
总的来说,作为元宇宙所需芯片必不可少的环节,能够进行先进制程的晶圆制造厂商也无疑会成为赢家之一。其实,元宇宙的硬件已有发展多年,台积电、三星、英特尔早已参入其中,就像台积电董事长刘德音曾表示的,台积电早就为真实与虚拟世界的结合应用开发技术。

写在最后
无论元宇宙是“风口”还是“泡沫”,从当前技术发展趋势来看,虚拟世界离现实世界越来越近已成既定的事实。只要是虚拟世界,其运行根本就离不开芯片,因此我们能做的就是打好“芯片”这个地基,只有这样才能更好得迎战互联网的终极形态。
无论未来是“元宇宙”还是“方宇宙”。

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