坎昆升级临近，一览值得关注的EIP协议

Odaily星球日报2024-01-02 tarihinde yayınlandı2024-01-02 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

本文将详细探讨这些提案的细节和潜在影响。

原文作者：Blockwords

原文编译：深潮 TechFlow

随着以太坊网络向 2024 年第一季度的 Dencun 硬分叉迈进，社区热切期待着一系列重要的改进提案（EIPs）。这些提案不仅关乎以太坊的未来走向，也可能为整个加密货币生态系统带来深远影响。在本文中，我们将详细探讨这些提案的细节和潜在影响，为读者提供一个全面的了解。

最新的以太坊全核心开发者会议最终为下一个主网硬分叉 Dencun 升级确暂定了一些时间表。需要注意的是，只有如果没有出现重大问题，以太坊开发人员计划在以下日期来分叉以太坊的公共测试网：

Goerli： 1 月 17 日
Sepolia： 1 月 30 日
Holesky： 2 月 7 日

这将是 Goerli 最后一次加入测试计划，因为该网络预计将被弃用。

他们还讨论了接下来的事情——尚未命名的 Prague/Electra 升级。以太坊社区正在考虑是专注于一个大型核心功能的改进（这可能需要一年的工作）还是围绕多个较小的改进进行升级（这可能在 2024 年末实现）。

对于上面这个问题，新年后将作出决定，但目前，以下是 2024 年 Dencun 升级之后值得关注的一些改进：

EIP-4844 （原始 Danksharding）

EIP-4844 是 Dencun EIP 中的重大项目，是 2023 年许多新闻报道的焦点。

StarkWare 联合创始人 Eli Ben-Sasson 指出，此次升级将降低所有L2的数据可用性成本。所以这是 Starknet 非常期待的事情，这样用户就可以降低成本。

Web3 钱包开发商 Suku 的首席技术官 Lucas Henning 称，这是“以太坊突破性改进的一年”。EIP-4844 是一个变革性的技术，它将把 Rollup Gas 费削减多达 100 倍。

账户抽象化兴起

Henning 关注的另一个重点是利用账户抽象化的改进：ERC-4337 及其扩展 ERC-6900 。

ERC 是 EIP 的一个子集，专门关注以太坊生态系统内的代币标准。它们为代币实现定义规则，以确保互操作性。与某些修改核心协议的 EIP 不同，ERC 通常不需要硬分叉。

ERC-4337 于 3 月上线，Henning 认为账户抽象化的概念将在最重要的用户变化中发挥关键作用。

他表示，账户抽象化将彻底改变我们对钱包的认知和互动方式，使 Gas 交易成为标准，安全的社交登录成为新常态，从根本上重塑以太坊用户体验。

传统上，以太坊有两种类型的账户：由私钥控制的外部拥有账户（EOA）和由代码控制的合约账户。账户抽象化模糊了这种区别，允许用户创建更像智能合约的账户。

它可以提高用户体验和安全性，并允许更复杂的账户逻辑，如多重签名钱包或社交恢复丢失的密钥。

ERC-6900 引入了“委托交易”的概念。这个标准也不需要对以太坊主网共识进行更改，它允许用户委托他人代表自己发送交易的能力，例如，为了节省时间和麻烦，对一批操作进行一次批准。

EIP-1153 （瞬时存储操作码）

这个提议是 Dencun 的一部分，旨在引入处理智能合约执行期间临时或瞬时存储的新机制。

以太坊上的传统存储操作是永久性的且消耗 Gas。对于不需要在一笔交易中持续存在的临时数据来说，这可能是低效的。

EIP-1153 是一个操作码（操作代码），它允许智能合约使用瞬时存储——在交易执行结束时会被清除的存储。

Uniswap 团队为 1153 号游说，并希望它已经在 Shapella 中，但他们无法获得足够的支持，在核心开发者中达成共识。这次升级预计将在提升 Uniswap 即将推出的v4协议的能力和效率方面发挥重要作用。

点击这里以阅读：Uniswap Labs 为v4准备了什么？

通过启用临时存储，EIP-1153 可以降低合约执行期间存储数据的 Gas 成本，并为开发者在设计智能合约时提供更多灵活性。

通过减轻对永久存储的负担并最小化状态膨胀，EIP-1153 可以有助于整个以太坊网络的可扩展性。

EIP-4788 （Beacon 区块根提交）

想象以太坊是一个庞大的图书馆，有两个主要部分：以太坊虚拟机（EVM）部分，就像人们来阅读书籍（执行智能合约）的阅览室，和 Beacon 链（信标链）部分，就像图书馆的目录系统，跟踪所有书籍及其位置（以太坊网络的共识和协调）。

在 EIP-4788 之前，这两个部分功能上有些独立。EVM 部分没有直接访问最新的目录；它必须依赖间接方法来了解 Beacon 链部分发生的情况。

EIP-4788 提议在每个 EVM 区块中放置一个“Beacon 区块根”（父区块的摘要或哈希树根）。这就像从图书馆过时的卡片归档系统（效率低下，有时不准确）转移到与主图书馆数据库实时、准确和直接链接的系统。

在这个现代图书馆中，每当有新书被添加、移动或移除时（Beacon 链更新），读者（EVM）可以立即获得准确的信息。读者可以相信他们正在获得最新的信息，图书馆的操作（如执行智能合约）更符合整体目录系统（共识层的状态）。

所有这一切都以信任最小化的方式发生，消除了外部预言机提供这些数据的需要，从而减少了潜在的故障或操纵点。

这一变化对于 Lido、基于智能合约的桥接器和重新抵押解决方案等流动质押协议特别有利，因为它允许这些协议直接从共识层访问验证者余额和状态等关键数据，从而增强其安全性和运营效率。

EIP-4788 本质上引入了协议级预言机，在整个主网上传递以太坊的共识状态。

Nil Foundation 的创始人 Misha Komarov 正在为 Lido 部署 zkOracle，他称其“绝对有帮助”。他表示“他们需要在应用逻辑中使用共识层状态根（目前是通过 zkLLVM 到执行层内的 Casper FFG 证明来证明的），这是在 zkOracle 设计中完成的”。

点击这里以阅读：新的以太坊 Rollup 采用零知识方法进行分片

EIP-5656 （MCOPY 操作码）

EVM 使用一组指示各种操作的操作码进行操作。

EIP-5656 引入了一个名为 MCOPY 的新操作码，该操作码旨在优化智能合约执行期间内存中数据复制的过程。

在当前的 EVM 架构中，使用现有操作码复制大量数据段可能效率低下且成本高昂。MCOPY 提供了一种更有效的方式，预计能够降低与这些操作相关的 Gas 费，同时提升性能。

更快的内存操作意味着合约的执行速度更快，开发人员将拥有更多工具来优化他们的智能合约——特别是在处理大型数据结构或涉及内存操作的复杂操作时。

EIP-6780 （限制 SELFDESTRUCT）

在以太坊中，SELFDESTRUCT 操作码允许智能合约将自身从区块链中删除。执行时，它会从状态中移除合约的代码和存储，并将合约剩余的以太币发送到指定地址。

然而，这一功能导致了几个问题，包括状态管理的复杂性和潜在的安全漏洞。通过限制 SELFDESTRUCT，以太坊可以更好地管理其状态大小，从而实现更稳定和可预测的区块链。这对于网络的长期可扩展性和维护至关重要，因为它将简化未来的以太坊升级。

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