一文读懂Chainlink如何驱动去中心化治理

火星财经2022-04-16 tarihinde yayınlandı2022-04-16 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

了解目前去中心化治理存在的问题,以及如何才能提高DAO的透明度和去中心化水平。

去中心化的自治组织(下文简称DAO)旨在削弱中心化的权威和控制。DAO由社区共同治理,采用智能合约为组织制定具体的规章制度。
简而言之,DAO为社群集体决策提供了一个透明和去中心化的模式。DAO成员可以提交自己的提案,然后提案会由DAO的其他成员集体投票通过或反对。DAO采用这样的机制来决定未来发展方向以及关键举措,以最终实现自身愿景。
DAO的治理模式
DAO有许多不同的模式。具体采用哪种模式根据DAO的愿景、提供的服务以及相关参与者而定。 
然而,大多数DAO也存在一些共同之处: 
提案
任何一个DAO都需要建立一套机制,让成员独立地向社区提出自己的想法和提案。DAO必须规定哪些成员可以提交提案,以及每个提案涵盖的范围是什么。 
投票
所有DAO都需要设立一个专门的投票机制。DAO的具体实现方式可能会各不相同,但都遵从一个基本框架来制定投票的权重机制、投票人数要求以及投票通过或不通过的门槛。 
通证治理
如今,大多数DAO都采用通证治理模式。任何持有DAO原生通证的实体都是DAO的成员。通证持有者可以参与投票和提案等各类活动。 
通常来说,DAO成员的投票权重与他们持有的治理通证数量成正比。手里的通证越多,投票对提案结果的影响力就越大。不过有些DAO也采用了其他模式,比如平方投票(quadratic voting)。 
结果
DAO要正常运作,最关键的是能够将控制权去中心化,并且保障所有运营流程的透明性。
理论上可以通过通证治理、链上投票以及无需许可的提案权限这三大机制来实现去中心化。任何人都可以加入DAO、创建提案并参与社区投票,以确保结果真正由社区驱动,摆脱所有中心化的控制。  
然而,正如所有去中心化系统所面临的那样,魔鬼往往藏在细节中。
去中心化治理存在的问题
治理通证、链上投票和无需许可的提案权限是去中心化治理的基石。然而,这些机制通常需要有其他要素做支撑才能保障DAO的去中心化水平,并防范恶意攻击者。 
以下是DAO的基本治理架构所存在的一些问题。 
通证所有权中心化
假设存在一种简单的通证治理模式,一个通证等于一票。根据DAO最初和后续制定的通证分配模式,某一个DAO成员或一小群DAO成员可能有权影响DAO的投票流程及其未来发展方向,因此对DAO拥有中心化的控制权。 
投票参与度低,投票成本高
DAO的去中心化水平完全取决于参与投票的人数。如果一个DAO有几千名成员,但只有少数人参与投票,那么这个DAO的核心机制(即:决策流程)就会被少数人所控制。 
链上投票会加剧这一问题。用户如果要在链上提交投票,就必须提交一笔链上交易,并支付相关的交易费。当网络拥堵时,交易费也会相应升高,这会打消DAO成员投票的积极性。
提案无法管理
提案如果完全无需许可,可能会产生大量垃圾提案,因此让贡献者无法聚焦真正重要的议题。比如,知识水平较低的DAO成员可能会提交结构混乱的提案,恶意分子可能会在提案板上疯狂发垃圾贴。如果这种恶意行为不得到控制,提案板可能会充斥着各种不相关的内容,最终影响DAO的执行效果。 
DAO在执行时出现漏洞
DAO的功能多种多样,而且每个DAO都各不相同。然而,所有DAO在执行时都需遵从一个共同的核心逻辑,即:如何确保通过的提案能够有效执行? 
要确保执行的可靠性和有效性,就必须将通过的提案与某一智能合约功能执行直接绑定在一起。比如,某个DAO的成员投票通过提案,重新平衡金库资金或在一定时间内锁定核心贡献者的通证。这些功能必须由某一外部方触发才能执行,因此就存在单点失效风险。 
Chainlink如何提升DAO的透明性和去中心化水平
目前,DAO仍然处于发展初期。大多数DAO都完全建立在区块链上,其功能和服务也都仅限于区块链上。 
Chainlink 涵盖一系列安全的链下数据和计算服务,可以为DAO提供上文提到的所有功能。即使在未来DAO从链上逐渐延伸到链下真实世界,Chainlink也可以保障服务水平。下文将列举Chainlink的部分用例。 
使用Chainlink Keepers保障可靠的执行
DAO的功能正变得越来越丰富。Chainlink拥有众多链下数据和计算服务,可以帮助DAO打造出端到端完全自动化和去中心化的流程,完整覆盖从提案到落地执行的所有环节。 
具体而言,Chainlink Keepers提供一站式解决方案,自动、可靠地执行常见的DAO功能,其中包括:

  • DAO金库重新平衡
  • 质押/取出治理通证
  • 投票一结束就立即执行
  • 套现治理通证奖励 

DAO存在的种种问题,归根到底就是:智能合约本身无法自动触发函数执行。当DAO投票通过后,需要一个实体来触发智能合约中的函数执行。而Chainlink Keepers可以完美解决这一问题。Keepers由经验丰富的专业DevOps团队运行,持续监控DAO投票情况,只有投票通过后才会触发智能合约执行。
使用Chainlink Data Feeds正确地奖励贡献者
随着DAO不断延伸至链下真实世界,可能需要在链上监控并追踪链下行为,以创建稳健的通证治理模式,正确地奖励贡献者。
假设有一个DAO叫作“Reforestation DAO”(注:reforestation指“林地复育”)。这个DAO的目标是利用金库里的资金来建立一个全球倡议,在土地上重新植树造林。DAO成员的任务是在全球组织开展林地复育工作,并获得专项拨款。 
为了保障通证治理模式的有效性,DAO需要想办法监控链下事件的结果,将治理通证发放给工作表现优异的DAO成员,让他们拥有更大的影响力。 
Chainlink Data Feeds在这里可以发挥作用。Reforestation DAO可以就一些基本的衡量指标达成一致意见,比如如何将卫星图像作为衡量成功的基准,并且通过Chainlink将真实世界的数据传输到链上,直接将结果与发放治理通证挂钩,以有效地奖励真正为DAO做出贡献的成员。
使用Chainlink VRF开展随机抽样投票
无论投票是发生在链上还是链下,保障充分的参与度都是一个难题。任何投票流程要保障客观性都需要达到一定的参与度,DAO也不例外。
其中一个解决方案就是随机抽样投票,即:随机选出一组DAO成员,针对某一提案进行投票。这样做可以降低投票人数要求,在保障安全的前提下充分反映社区民意。 
抽样投票机制需要采用安全的链上随机数生成器(RNG)。DAO成员必须能在链上验证这个筛选流程的公平性,否则整个流程的安全性就无法保障。Chainlink可验证随机函数(下文简称Chainlink VRF)可以为DAO提供成熟的链上随机数生成器,用于随机抽样投票机制。 
Chainlink VRF还可以在某些纠纷仲裁机制中发挥作用,公正地随机选出一群参与者来裁决纠纷。这个机制类似法庭陪审团的筛选机制。Chainlink VRF可以随机选出裁决者,并且筛选过程可以验证,因此能够真正保障流程的公平性。
可验证的随机数还可以在投票中实现许多其他用例,打造出更加公平公正的流程。比如,Chainlink黑客松获奖者D3LAB 开发了一个概率平方投票(Probabilistic Quadrating Voting)解决方案,采用Chainlink VRF解决了DAO平方投票系统中的女巫攻击问题。
使用Chainlink Any API和Keepers将链下投票结果发送到链上
目前,许多DAO成员在链上投票时都需要支付一笔链上交易费。当gas费很高的时候,投票参与度会随之下降,因此DAO就无法做出真正基于社区民意的决策。
有一个解决方案是使用Chainlink Any API来监督链下投票,并且将结果安全、可靠地传输到链上。当投票结束时,Chainlink Keepers可以自动触发智能合约获取投票结果,并做出最终决策。这样可以极大降低投票的gas成本,并让影响力较小的DAO成员也能发出自己声音。 
Chainlink可以为链上链下都提供最佳的解决方案,用户不再需要支付高额的gas费,并且链下投票结果也可以绑定链上智能合约。 
使用Chainlink预言机在链下投票,减少垃圾提案
链下投票还可以解决垃圾提案的问题。DAO可以采用多层提案模式,初始提案需要获得一定数量的投票,才能正式提交给整个DAO进行审议。这个机制可以过滤掉低质量的提案。
DAO成员需要自己拉选票来支持自己的提案,只有达到一定票数的提案才能提交到整个社区,这样可以过滤低质量或恶意的提案。通常来说,设置额外的投票层级会为DAO成员增加成本压力,但采用链下投票机制并通过Chainlink预言机将结果传输到链上,就可以在最大程度上降低网络成本,并同时过滤掉无效或恶意的提案。 
选择Chainlink的理由
Chainlink可以为DAO增强核心功能并解锁新的用例,为其提供一套稳健的基础架构工具,进一步提升流程中每个环节的透明性和去中心化水平。 
DAO正在重塑社会的组织协调模式。为了继续加速转型,DAO可以集成Chainlink来提高透明度、去中心化水平以及自动化水平。 
如果想要升级你的DAO,并接入链下数据或计算资源,请查看我们的开发者文档。你也可以通过Discord询问技术问题,或与Chainlink专家安排电话沟通。 

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