Aptos跨链格局:Wormhole跨链资产和种类更多,LayerZero发展潜力可能更大

Panews2023-02-07 tarihinde yayınlandı2023-02-07 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

深入分析Aptos跨链格局,跨链资金分布、应用支持、跨链桥占比、跨链资产分类和使用体验。

Aptos是备受市场瞩目的Alt Layer1公链,新公链是跨链桥的重要增长点之一,跨链桥在这个过程中接入新公链的能力、受到项目方的支持程度、跨链资金规模等都可以反应跨链桥的发展潜力。在Aptos主网上线的这三个多月时间里,统计截至2月3日Aptos上各个跨链桥的数据,可发现以下结果:

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Aptos上的跨链资金主要分布在PancakeSwap、AUX Exchange、LiquidSwap这三个DEX中,PancakeSwap在Aptos上推出流动性挖矿后,AUX Exchange失去优势地位。PancakeSwap和LiquidSwap更加支持LayerZero,AUX Exchange上使用更多的是Wormhole。

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主要使用的跨链桥及其跨链资产的占比分别为Wormhole Portal 61.2%、LayerZero 32%、Celer cBridge 6.9%。在其它链上广泛使用的Multichain虽然也已支持Aptos,但还未见使用。

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Aptos上的跨链资产价值约为8817万美元,主要的跨链资产及其价值分别为Wormhole的USDC 2632万美元、LayerZero的USDC 1639万美元、Wormhole的USDC(SOL) 1137万美元。

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若按照资产类别进行分类,USDC占据绝对的优势,Aptos上的跨链USDC价值为5749万美元,占比65.2%。说明跨链桥严重依赖于USDC,Circle的CCTP可能对跨链桥造成严重冲击。按照Aptos的发展潜力,Circle也可能会在Aptos上推出原生USDC。

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仅PancakeSwap上可进行挖矿的跨链资产就有10种,使得Aptos也遇到了其它没有官方跨链桥的公链遇到的流动性割裂问题。

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使用LayerZero从Aptos跨链回其它网络需等待Aptos上100万个区块确认(约4天),可能是基于安全性的考虑,但大大降低了跨链效率;Wormhole和Celer的跨链则可以及时到账。

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Aptos上的跨链资金分布:PancakeSwap后来居上

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DEX和抵押借贷项目是吸引跨链资金最多的应用,根据Defi Llama 2月2日的数据,Aptos上的TVL共6334万美元,相对于Aptos的总市值或流通市值而言都比较低。现阶段的数据只能反应哪些项目在主网上线的这三个月里抢占了先机,而不能代表最终结果。

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在Aptos的这些应用中,资金量超过300万美元的项目包括PancakeSwap、AUX Exchange、Tortuga、LiquidSwap、Ditto,其中Tortuga和Ditto为流动性质押项目,合约中的资金仅包括APT代币,不会使用到跨链桥。下面的分析只包含了PancakeSwap、AUX Exchange和LiquidSwap,也忽略了资金量较小的项目。

链上应用对跨链桥的支持

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在没有公链官方跨链桥的情况下,跨链桥和链上应用间的支持是相互的。首先跨链桥需要支持对应公链的跨链。虽然理论上DEX创建流动性池是无需许可的,但某些DEX会为通过特定跨链桥铸造的资产提供流动性挖矿奖励,这就让来自于DEX的官方支持对跨链桥尤为重要。

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PancakeSwap目前在Aptos上的TVL为3689万美元。因为背景雄厚,且在Aptos上为多个交易对开通了激励,PancakeSwap在流动性挖矿开启不久后便占据了Aptos上TVL的第一名。它支持的跨链桥和资产包括LayerZero的USDC、USDT、WETH;Celer cBridge的USDC、USDT、WETH、BNB;Wormhole Portal的USDC、BUSD、WETH。

虽然这些资产均可以组成交易对挖矿以获得CAKE奖励,但PancakeSwap对LayerZero的官方支持更多。在Pancakeswap官网Trade-Bridge页面,显示的就是LayerZero的跨链桥。由LayerZero铸造的资产,流动性和挖矿的奖励倍数也相对更高。如对于稳定币交易对,LayerZero的USDC-USDT交易对的奖励倍数为15倍,流动性为706万美元;Wormhole的USDC-BUSD交易对为10倍,流动性为538万美元;cBridge的USDC-USDT交易对为6倍,流动性为209万美元。

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AUX Exchange曾经是Aptos上TVL最高的项目,因为迟迟没有发币,在PancakeSwap开始流动性挖矿之后,流动性锐减,目前该项目的社区更新也比较少。由于没有代币,AUX Exchange也无法设定流动性挖矿的奖励,官网上也没有显示跨链桥的入口,AUX Exchange中的流动性应当是用户自发提供的。其中使用的跨链桥主要为Wormhole,包括从以太坊跨链到Aptos的USDC、WETH、WBTC、USDT,以及从Solana跨链到Aptos的USDC和SOL。采用LayerZero跨链的USDC、USDT等资产对应的交易对流动性均不足3000美元,可忽略不计。

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Liquidswap也在官网上方醒目的显示了跨链入口,跨链桥由LayerZero提供。Liquidswap只为USDC-WETH、USDC-APT两个交易对开通了少量流动性挖矿奖励,USDC和WETH跨链资产使用的也都是LayerZero的跨链桥。同样,虽然Wormhole等跨链桥铸造的资产也能在其中使用,但由于没有官方合作,这些资产的流动性都比较少。

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综上,在Aptos跨链资产最多的三个项目PancakeSwap、AUX Exchange、Liquidswap中,PancakeSwap和Liquidswap更支持LayerZero,都在官网展示了LayerZero跨链桥的入口;AUX Exchange中虽然使用更多的是Wormhole,但官网未展示任何跨链桥链接和合作消息。PancakeSwap同时也支持Wormhole和cBridge,但LayerZero跨链资产的流动性最好。

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跨链资金的分布:USDC占比高达61.2%

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据统计,截至2月3日,Aptos上发行的跨链资产的总价值约为8817万美元,具体分布如下。Aptos上主要的跨链资产及其价值分别为Wornhole的USDC 2632万美元、LayerZero的USDC 1639万美元、Wormhole的USDC(SOL)1137万美元、LayerZero的USDT 809万美元、Wormhole的WETH 406万美元。 跨链资产的价值甚至超过了主要项目的TVL之和,说明还有大量跨链资产未在项目中应用。

Wormhole铸造的跨链资产前缀表示为wh,LayerZero前缀表示为lz,Celer前缀表示为ce。Wormhole的WBTC、WETH、USDT、USDC从以太坊上进行跨链,USDC(SOL)和SOL从Solana上进行跨链,BUSD从BNB链跨链。LayerZero的WETH、USDT、USDC可能借用了Stargate的流动性,可以从Stargate有流动性的链上进行跨链和赎回。Celer的WETH、USDT、USDC从以太坊上进行跨链,BNB从BNB链上进行跨链。

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若按照跨链桥进行划分,Wormhole的跨链资产价值5392万美元,占比61.2%;LayerZero的跨链资产价值2819万美元,占比32%;Celer的跨链资产价值606万美元,占比6.9%。Wormhole的跨链资产无论从种类还是价值上都更多。但Wormhole的某些跨链资产并没有得到很好的应用,如whUSDC(SOL),虽然在Aptos上的发行量为1137万,但仅在AUX Exchange中有100多万美元的流动性。AUX Exchange是对Wormhole支持最好的DEX,若AUX Exchange能够维持自己的龙头地位,Wormhole的这些跨链资产也能得到很好的支持。但目前AUX Exchange已被PancakeSwap超越,而PancakeSwap更倾向于LayerZero。

如果按跨链资产进行分类,USDC占据绝对的优势,Aptos上跨链的USDC价值为5749万美元,占比65.2%;USDT价值1257万美元,占比14.3%;WETH价值847万美元,占比9.6%;SOL价值376万美元,占比4.3%;BUSD价值319万美元,占比3.6%;WBTC价值178万美元,占比2%;BNB价值86万美元,占比1%。

USDC的发行方Circle称即将推出官方跨链传输协议CCTP,由于目前USDC是Aptos(在其它Alt Layer1上也有类似情况)上使用最多的跨链资产,CCTP的推出很可能统一每条链上的USDC跨链资产,也势必会对现有的跨链格局产生巨大影响。依靠Stargate的流动性池,LayerZero可能还有用武之地,具体要看在跨链速度和费用上是否能与CCTP竞争,而Wormhole并没有各条链上原生资产的流动性,受到的影响可能会更大。

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使用体验:LayerZero从Aptos跨链回其它网络需等待4天

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在使用体验上,LayerZero和Wormhole和Celer有明显区别。

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首先,由于Stargate上已有多条链上原生资产的流动性,LayerZero可以从所有支持的链上进行跨链,也可以从Aptos上将资产赎回到多条链上。而Wormhole和Celer并不具备这一优点,USDT、USDC等资产就必须从以太坊主网上进行跨链,也只能赎回到以太坊主网上。

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LayerZero中主要使用的几种资产都是原生资产,PancakeSwap的跨链桥页面也只会显示支持的跨链资产。Wormhole不会对这一过程进行识别,支持任意资产的跨链。使用Wormhole的时候需要注意核对目标链上的地址,确认跨链后得到的是否为自己想要的资产。如某些用户错误的使用Wormhole将Aptos上由LayerZero发行的lzUSDC跨链到以太坊上,得到的也是Wormhole锁定lzUSDC后在以太坊主网上自行铸造的whUSDC,而非由Circle发行的原生USDC,导致不必要的Gas浪费。

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另一个重要区别,当使用LayerZero将资产从Aptos跨链回其它链时(除CAKE外),需等待Aptos上100万个区块确认,大约需要四天时间。而Wormhole和Celer的整个跨链过程都可以及时到账。此前Frax设计的跨链桥Fraxferry也有类似的等待机制,中间需等待一天。LayerZero设定四天的等待期可能是基于安全性的考虑,但同时也大大牺牲了跨链效率,这可能是最慢的跨链桥。

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