对话PWL Capital首席投资官:十大常见理财误区,你中了几招?

marsbitPublished on 2026-05-05Last updated on 2026-05-05

来源:《The Diary Of A CEO》播客

整理:Felix, PANews

PWL Capital 投资组合经理兼首席投资官 Ben Felix 是一位以实证为基础的投资专家,将学术金融研究转化为普通人都能理解的实用决策。近日,Ben Felix 做客《The Diary Of A CEO》播客节目,揭示大多数人为何会做出糟糕的财务决策。PANews 对对话精华进行了整理。

主持人:世界上有很多探讨个人理财和投资的专家。你的方法与 YouTube 上其他金融专家有什么不同?

Ben:我一直尝试的方法是,从学术文献中汲取智慧。看看那些花大量时间思考这些问题的聪明人得出了什么结论,然后将其应用于普通人的财务决策中。无论是租房还是买房,还是资产配置,无论你只有 1 万美元或有 1000 万美元,投资的原则都是一样的。

主持人:投资赚钱这件事,有多少是心理因素造成的?

Ben:投资的问题其实已经被“解决”了,只需买低成本的指数基金即可。真正的难点在于我们的心理。大脑是为了生存而设计的,它不擅长处理长期且抽象的概念,比如今天拿出你的钱,投资股市,忽略期间发生的一切,然后将来还能剩下一些钱来养老。人们经常谈论策略和技巧,但我认为,能否执行任何策略或技巧,都取决于个人的心理状态。其中一个最佳方法,虽然有点违反直觉,就是不要去看你的投资。学术研究表明,你越频繁地查看投资账户,你的风险承受能力就越低,收益也越差。因为每天看着股市上下波动会让人极度紧张,从而误以为股市风险极大;而对于买入并长期持有的投资者来说,股市其实比想象中安全得多。

主持人:对于 20 岁出头正在思考财务策略的年轻人,你会给什么建议?

Ben:这是一个棘手的话题,年轻人通常面临来自父母和社会的巨大存钱压力。但学术研究表明,在低收入时期过度存钱可能并非最优选择;一般的原则是,应该在收入较高时多存钱,收入低时少存钱。不过,前提是不能养成把钱全部花光、日后收入增加也不愿存钱的坏习惯。

主持人:下面逐一探讨你提到的人们常犯的 10 个理财错误吧。

Ben:好的,错误 1 是赚得不够多。很多人觉得收入低是没办法的事,但其实你可以投资自己的人力资本,比如正规教育、学习新技能或创业,让自己成为更有价值的资产。学术数据证实,教育和技能与终身收入之间存在机械的因果关系。

主持人:我一直认为,年轻时应该尽可能优化“知识”和“技能”这两项。关键是获取市场看重的、稀缺且互补的技能组合。比如你学了工程和金融,现在又掌握了做 YouTube 内容的技能,这就大幅提升了你的赚钱潜力。我以前做生物科技公司的营销时,发现一个毫无医学背景、只懂一点生物科技写作的写手,薪水能拿到 25 万美元,是普通写手的 5 倍。技能卖对市场,能让你的收入呈指数级增长。

Ben:是的,错误 2 是存得不够多。财富是靠时间复利增长的。如果早期没有存够钱,以后想追赶会变得极其困难。就像健康一样,如果你饮食不良从不运动,到 55 岁得了心脏病是很难逆转的。

主持人:这就像《The Slight Edge》这本书里关于刷牙的比喻:你今天不刷牙没事,这周不刷牙也没事,但如果五年不刷牙,你就完了,只能躺在牙医椅上拔牙。财务也是如此。

Ben:错误 3 是没有设定财务目标。人们往往会盲目追求赚钱或买房,却不思考什么才是自己想要的美好生活。我们制定了一个三步法:首先列出你的目标,然后将目标数量翻倍以激发深层思考,最后用“PERMA 模型”(积极情绪、投入感/心流、人际关系、意义、成就感)来检验这些目标。

主持人:如果我的目标是买一辆法拉利呢?

Ben:法拉利本身可能不符合 PERMA 模型,产生的积极情绪可能只持续几天。但如果你开着它去赛道享受飙车(投入感),或者因此融入了跑车圈子(人际关系),那它就是有意义的。

错误 4 是在错误的事情上超支。比如每天花 12 美元买冰咖啡,仅仅是为了急匆匆喝下赶去上班,这并没有增加你的积极情绪,反而占用了你为美好生活存钱的资金。

错误 5 是不承担投资风险。不投资股市的机会成本是巨大的。如果持有现金收益是 2%,股市长期预期收益是 7%,这 5% 的复利差距惊人。现在投资 1 万美元,按 7% 年化收益率计算,40 年后将变成 15 万美元。换句话说,你现在花 10 美元买杯咖啡,等于放弃了 40 年后的 150 美元。

错误 6 是承担了错误的投资风险。很多人不买指数基金,去炒个股、期权或加密货币,这些预期回报为负,交易成本高昂。

主持人:那买房呢?这是大多数人一生中最大的决定。

Ben:我不认为买房自住是一种投资,你其实是在购买一项为你提供住房消费的资产。买房首付有巨大的机会成本,它本可投资股市。还有诸多不可收回成本,比如抵押贷款利息、约 0.5%-1% 的房产税、以及被严重低估的维护成本,其合理估计远超房产价值的 2%。

主持人:没错,我在国外买了房后,花园、水泵、地砖、供暖系统总是在坏。如果我租房,这就不是我的麻烦了,更别提联系维修浪费的大量时间成本。

Ben:是的,还有紧急维修和翻新成本。我提出了一个“5%法则”来衡量买房与租房的成本。比如 30 万美元的房子,计算出是 1500 美元。如果月租金等于或低于 1500 美元,租房在财务上就是更好的决定。此外,买房会严重限制年轻人的流动性。比如多伦多的公寓价格暴跌,如果你在那买了房却拿到了国外的高薪 offer,你就会陷入困境。

至于大家经常举例说“某人 30 年前花 7 万买的房现在值 100 万”,我们不能拿过去利率暴跌、人口激增阶段的房产收益去预测未来。在加拿大,如果你在 2021 年的最高点买入,扣除通胀后,你现在正经历极其惨烈的资产缩水。如果你在乎流动性,投资指数基金是更好的选择。只有极度厌恶风险、想要长期在一个地方安定下来的人,才应该买房。

错误 7 是错失税务规划机会。普通人应充分优化政府提供的免税或延税账户,比如加拿大的 RRSP/TFSA,美国的 401k/IRA,英国的 ISA。富人会利用漏洞,比如将股票抵押给银行获取免税贷款,且不卖出股票免交资本利得税,但普通人如果用波动性大的资产借款,面临着追加保证金的巨大风险。

错误 8 是忽视遗产规划。不立遗嘱会导致你的资产按政府默认的方式分配,引发高昂税费,并把钱分给错误的人。如果有受抚养人,立遗嘱至关重要。

错误 9 是结婚对象的选择。学术研究将人分为“守财奴” 和“挥霍者”。这两类人极其容易相互吸引并结婚,但这往往导致婚姻满意度下降和金钱冲突。

主持人:我有个成功的朋友,离婚打了 6、7 年官司,律师在中间挑拨离间赚取高额诉讼费,不仅摧毁了他们原本不错的关系,也让资产大缩水。如果当初有婚前协议,一切都会快得多。

Ben:是的,婚前协议虽然不浪漫,但在双方都能接受的情况下可以避免未来的财务灾难。

错误 10 是对灾难性风险的保险不足。如果你是家庭收入的支柱,必须购买足够的人寿保险(低成本的定期寿险)和伤残保险,以防止你丧失工作能力后家庭生活崩溃。

主持人:资产配置方面呢?你曾提到一篇“最具争议的金融论文”?

Ben:传统观念认为年轻时多买股票,老了应该转向债券。但那篇测试了 39 个国家自 1890 年以来数据的论文发现:最优的长期策略是终身持有 100% 的股票,其中三分之一为国内股票,三分之二为国际股票以分散风险。论文认为,在长期高通胀时期,所谓“安全”的债券实际上会遭到毁灭性打击,而股票相对更安全。

主持人:有什么金融产品是人们绝对不应该碰的?

Ben:第一是“备兑看涨期权”基金。它们为了换取一点当前的期权费收入,放弃了股票巨大的上涨潜力,隐性成本极高。第二是“主题型 ETF”(专门投资 AI、大麻、清洁能源的基金)。这些基金通常在某个主题炒到最高点、资产价格泡沫最大时推出。随后资产价格下跌,这类基金回报往往极差。最后是把现金藏在床底下。按 3% 的通胀率计算,你的钱在 20 年内会失去一半的购买力。持有现金实质上是有负预期回报的风险。最好的方法是投资低成本的指数基金。

主持人:我们现在正处于 AI 的爆发期,人们担心失去工作,而且很多人担心目前大量资金涌入 AI 会导致市场崩盘,你该怎么看?

Ben:从历史来看,技术革命总会带来颠覆。就像当年 ATM 机出现时,大家以为银行柜员会失业;但因为运营成本降低,银行开设了更多分行,柜员岗位不降反升。还有“杰文斯悖论”,当煤炭发动机变得更高效时,运输成本下降导致更多人使用火车旅行,煤炭行业反而更加繁荣。 至于市场崩溃,回顾 1847 年的一篇杂志文章,当时世界同样充满恐慌和不确定性,但历史证明人类总能挺过来,股市长期依然是向上的。当然,资本在科技革命初期的大量涌入确实会导致资产价格偏高,随后回落,这也是正常的周期。

主持人:所以我们买股票时该怎么想?我朋友曾告诉我,当我花 10 美元买 Facebook 股票时,全世界对这家公司的所有利好和未来预期都已经被定价在这个价格里了,除非我知道别人不知道的秘密。

Ben:你朋友描述的是有效市场假说。当你买特斯拉等股票时,所有公开信息都已包含在价格中。买股票本质上是在以折现率购买公司预期的未来现金流。因此,试图通过挑选个股或把握市场时机来击败市场是徒劳的。绝大多数专业基金经理长期来看都跑输大盘。最好的做法就是:买入指数基金,接受市场回报,然后忘掉密码,不去查看它。专注于你能控制的事情:存钱、资产配置和税务规划。

主持人:富达、伯克利的研究显示,女性在投资上的回报率,往往高于男性,因为男性交易更频繁,你同意吗?

Ben:我完全相信这些数据。男性往往过度自信,他们试图挑选个股并且频繁交易,这也与他们更容易染上赌瘾相关,这不可避免地导致了更差的投资结果。不折腾,才是投资成功的关键。

相关阅读:对话Bitwise顾问:从K型经济到AI抢饭碗,比特币如何拯救年轻人?

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