解读以太坊最新路线图：未来10年的“公链霸主”要做些什么？

白话区块链Publicado em 2022-11-21Última atualização em 2022-11-21

Resumo

最近V神又更新了一版，加了个The Scourge阶段，借此正好把这个最新版的做一个超白话解读，争取让不太懂技术的朋友也多少能明白，ETH打算未来几年干些什么事儿！

ETH转POS Merge那会，路线图已经发布过一次，相信一直关注的老铁肯定不陌生。

首先，不得不说，单就这么一个图，就足以看出，ETH在公链领域绝对的统治地位。虽说交付拖延症是常态，但是你看看里面涉及这一堆的技术和解决方案，哪个公链能弄出来这么多不管懂技术还是不懂技术都感觉"眼花缭乱"的路线图来？

真没有！

就凭这张图，ETH就绝对有"公链霸主"既视感……

废话不多说，拆开来白话解读一下，只挑重点的讲。

01、Merge - 这个是跟共识关系最大的

已完成：POW变成了POS，没得传统意义上矿机"挖矿"这一说了，不信你看看现在显卡价格降的……

未完成：提款，分布式验证者，秘密领导选举，单槽终结。

提款

当年那些通过Lido，交易平台，或是自己折腾质押进ETH2.0的ETH，锁了快两年了，还提不出来，真的是等到花儿都谢了……当然理论上可以通过Curve上的stETH-ETH池子，或是交易平台上面的Xeth之类的退出，不过多少都有滑点，不是"原生退出"，未来两三个月，提款差不多应该就准备完毕了，不过不可能所有人同时退出的，得排队，而且说实话，我也不觉得会有几个人退出，现在这质押率，跟其他的POS公链比，才到哪啊……

分布式验证者

不是总是批评Lido份额太大，容易垄断，造成安全隐患么？有了这个分布式验证者技术，就可以把单个验证者的工作分布到一组分布式节点中，所以既可以解决单节点失效带来的安全性与在线弹性等问题，又同时降低了单个验证者表现不佳或行为不端的风险。

秘密领导选举

现在POS虽然没有挖矿了，改成协议随机抽签到某个Validator出块，但过程是公开的，所以理论上出块的那个节点是很容易成为"活靶子"，遭受DDOS之类的攻击，Solana也有这个问题。秘密领导选举就是让这个过程变成不透明，你想攻击下一个出块节点？不好意思，你找不着。

单槽终结

现在的ETH，一笔交易真正实现终结，即不可回滚的状态，需要几十个Slot，大概10多分钟才行，作为一个"世界结算层"这个时间未免有点过长了. 单槽终结就是要争取把这个终结时间从几十个Slot变成一个Slot那么久，12秒拍板！是不是快了好多？

02、Surge - 这个是跟性能与费用关系最大的

已完成 - EIP4844, 也就是Proto-Danksharding的设计与提案。

未完成 - EIP4844的实施，OP的欺诈证明，ZKEVM，DA层的各种技术。

EIP4844

之前文章讲过多次的Proto-Danksharding，主要就是为了Rollup而服务的，为什么叫Proto呢，因为完整版的Danksharding东西太多了，开发完成至少3年起步，所以先弄个简易版的用着，把最最重要的性能和费用问题先给解决了。EIP4844实施之后，Layer2的数据就不用像之前存到那么贵的CallData了，有专门的一个Blob区域来存储，费用直接降一个数量级。

OP的欺诈证明

很多人其实不知道，Arbitrum现在是有欺诈证明的，OP没有，因为之前改了架构所以还在开发中，是不是没想到？！

ZKEVM

这个就更离我们还有至少2年的时间，即便开发完成，几万行的代码复杂度与OP也完全不是一个量级，肯定充满了各种bug和问题，需要时间去调试，验证，实践……

EIP4844理论上只是个过渡方案，终极的Rollup扩容还是需要有一套专门的DA方案，也就是真正Danksharding的阶段，其中的关键技术便是DAS - 数据可用性采样，了解Celestia的老铁一定都不陌生，以太坊也同样在搞这个。不过么，看着进度，做好2-3年，甚至更久的准备吧……希望在下一轮牛市的时候能够有幸得见，哈哈。

03、Scourge - 这个是新加的，与抗审查和MEV关系最大

其实对比老的路线图，你会发现Scourge很多东西是从原来老路线图那个Splurge阶段抽离出来的，弄成一个单独的路线图，说明对于抗审查与Mev的重视程度也提升了许多。

已完成 - 外部Mev市场，这个明显说的是Flashbot发布的Mev-Boost，至于干啥的，下面说未完成的时候会再次提到。

未完成 - Inclusion list，协议内置PBS，MEVBurn。

协议内置PBS

无论从抗审查还是MEV角度，把之前的区块提案者拆分成提案者+打包者两个角色都是对这个问题的一个解决思路，说白了就是以前出块你自己干了，啥好处都让你捞了，现在分开角色，一个只负责打包并出价，另一个只负责接受最佳报价，通过博弈把之前提案者区块打包"大权在握"的局面给打破了，或者说以前你要想搞点不好的事情，贿赂一个人就行，现在得把俩都贿赂了，至少难度就提升了很多。但要在协议层面实现这个，大概率还得个两三年，所以我们在应用层实现了一个类似的功能，也就是上面提到的Flashbot发布的Mev-Boost，在应用层面把这两个角色给拆分了。

Inclusion List

虽然角色拆开了，贿赂的人数增多了，但万一就是有打包者想要审查交易，就是不给某个交易上链咋办？这个技术就是阻止这件事发生的，提案者会提交这么一个list，里面包含自己观察到的所有交易，打包者必须在打好的包里包含这些交易，否则出再多钱提案者也会拒绝。

MevBurn

有那么点1559的feel，把"打包区块的权利"直接协议内拍卖。反正出价最高的那个打包者又不傻，不可能亏钱，那么他的出价应该会略小于MEV，MEV就直接销毁完事儿了。

04、Verge - 这个跟节点验证门槛关系很大

已完成 - 基本上没啥真的可以被称作已完成的。

未完成 - Verkle tree，完全ZK化的ETH。

Verkle tree

有关Verkle tree与大家都知道的默克尔树的对比，就是个太过技术化的数据结构问题了，有兴趣的老铁自行研究就好。总之这玩意部署完了之后，对区块验证的门槛降低，丝滑度提升，因为验证者不需要存储所有状态也能参与交易验证。凡事能降低门槛的事情，自然就是有助于提升去中心化的东西。

完全ZK化的ETH

ZK已经毫无疑问是区块链技术领域的"显学"，但一般人对ZK的理解更多是在L2上，比如Zk-Sync，Starkware，而ETH2.0的路线图里，L1也得ZK化，包括EVM、Verkle 证明以及共识状态转换这些有的没的，都给他Snark化了。N年之后，量子计算机有威胁了，还要转到类似Stark这种量子安全的算法上来

05、Purge - 这个跟节点的存储大小关系很大

已完成 - EIP4444的定义。

未完成 - EIP4444实施，状态过期。

EIP4444 （历史过期）

这个相当于一个客户端数据修剪的协议，因为区块链是个"只加不删"的系统，EIP4444定义了客户端那边不能啥都永久留着，一年以上的非账本历史数据统统删掉！

状态过期

状态爆炸是个折磨ETH多年的问题，因为ETH这种基于账户系统的账本，状态数据（某一个具体时间点A有多少币，B有多少币之类的）往往比账本数据（A给B哪天几点几分转了几个币）要大一个量级，现在ETH得归档节点已经几个TB级别了，普通家用机是不可能参与的，所以也得想办法砍砍砍！

06、Splurge - 这个……我也不知道跟啥关系很大

名字就很有意思：修复一切！

已完成 - EIP1559，EIP4337（账户抽象）的定义。

未完成 - 账户抽象，VDF（链上随机数)，EVM优化。

账户抽象

把智能合约的功能赋予普通账号，让你未来可以拥有社交恢复，自定义Gas Token，原子或是批量交易操作等等一系列Fansy的操作，是让Web3吸收更多Web2用户的一个关键技术，毕竟助记词，私钥，Gas这些东西对于一般用户来说实在是太大的拦路虎了。

VDF

不解释，链上真正随机数一直是刚需，Chainlink之类的也在做。毕竟节点选举，Defi，Gamefi这些东西都是需要这种可验证延迟函数的。

EVM优化

这个其实是上一阶段一些技术点完成之后在这边实现的东西，包括禁止自毁，简化GAS机制之类的东西。

07、小结

作为区块链世界影响最大、拥有最多开发者的公链，在全球范围内实现数字化未来是以太坊的愿景。尽管号称比以太坊更好更强大的“以太坊杀手”无数，但不可否认以太坊一直引领加密技术的创新和发展。

以太坊社区带来的长期主义精神和共识也在过去数年时间得以验证，这也是今天这张新路线图成功实践的基础，未来如何，我们继续拭目以待...

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