通胀数据彻底令紧缩预期“哑火”:美联储明年可能最多只加息两次?

财联社Publicado em 2022-11-11Última atualização em 2022-11-11

Resumo

昨夜,CPI超预期回落的美国10月通胀报告,不仅令整个华尔街陷入彻夜狂欢,也令市场对美联储未来货币政策的利率定价,发生了重大变化。

财联社11月11日讯(编辑 潇湘)昨夜,CPI超预期回落的美国10月通胀报告,不仅令整个华尔街陷入彻夜狂欢,也令市场对美联储未来货币政策的利率定价,发生了重大变化。

在上周的议息会议上,美联储对本轮加息周期的走向,其实抛出了一鹰一鸽两个信号:

鸽派信号是:鲍威尔承认,“最早在下一次或再下一次会议上,降低升息幅度将是合适之举”。这令市场相信美联储最早在12月会议上只会加息50个基点。

鹰派信号是:鲍威尔强调,利率距离适宜水平还有一段路,现在讨论美联储何时可能暂停加息“为时过早”。自上次会议以来公布的一系列数据显示,最终利率水平将高于先前预期,9月利率点阵图中的终端利率为4.6%。

许多投资者现如今显然还记得,在上周美联储决议过后,市场对于鲍威尔和美联储抛出的上述一鹰一鸽两点信息,整体是作出更为偏向鹰派解读的——即淡化了美联储释放的短期加息步伐放缓信号,而把更多注意力放在了本轮紧缩周期还远没到终点这一角度上……

不过,昨夜的CPI数据,显然已彻底颠覆了市场原先的倾向!

市场最新的美联储利率预测

先来看短期也就是对年底最后一场议息会议的定价上。

在周四CPI数据发布后,掉期市场对12月加息75个基点的预期,一度从原先的逾三成概率完全消失为零,这预示着市场几乎百分百确信,美联储下月将只会加息50个基点,至4.25%-4.50%。

而与此同时,对明年以及本轮加息峰值的预测也出现了重大转变。

交易员在昨夜CPI数据发布后最新预计,美联储本轮加息周期的利率峰值将仅为4.87%。要知道在此之前,这一预期还始终牢牢地锁定在5%以上。

这预示着什么呢?这预示着如果我们把12月加息50个基点的幅度算上,市场当前的定价认为,美联储明年最多也就只能再进行2轮25个基点的加息,随后本轮紧缩周期就可能很快结束。

正如Compound Capital Advisors创始人兼首席执行官Charlie Bilello在最新推文中所提到的,当前利率市场的定价显示,美联储可能在明年2月和3月再分别加息25个基点,随后将进入一段为期约半年的等待和暂停期,而到了明年11月,美联储就将开启降息周期,并一路持续到2024年。

我们显然也都知道,上述利率市场的定价从来都不是一成不变的,可能美联储官员的一句讲话、抑或又一项出人意料的美国数据出炉,就可能令上述市场预期再度改头换面。

但是,至少昨夜这份向好的美国CPI数据,令美联储主席鲍威尔上周有意向市场渲染的鹰派氛围,迅速淡化了许多。利率市场的定价甚至开始向美联储9月点阵图的终端利率4.6%开始靠拢。

美联储官员是如何看待的?

颇有意思的是,在昨夜美国CPI数据发布后不久,就有多位美联储高官第一时间发表了讲话。而他们在赞扬CPI表现的同时,也透露出了一些颇有意思的细节。

整体而言,这些美联储高官大多都支持放缓加息的步伐,但同时也强调放慢加息步伐不代表更宽松的政策。一些官员也详细阐述了自身对利率终值和美联储可能在何处暂停脚步的看法。

例如,旧金山联储主席戴利对此的看法是,现在是降低加息速度的时候了,但还没到讨论暂停加息的时候,未来仍可能会有更多次加息。她预测,美国联邦基金利率的峰值将达到4.9%。

费城联储主席哈克则指出,美联储正在接近一个可能可以放缓加息步伐的节点。在谈到他认为美联储可以在什么地步停下来并评估其工作时,哈克称:“我属于希望达到明显限制性立场的阵营,在4%以上的某个水平,你知道,4.5%,然后可以稍作停顿,看看情况如何发展。”

此外,新任达拉斯联储主席洛根(Lorie Logan)表示,新的CPI数据“令人欣慰,但要遏制通胀仍有很长的路要走”。

无论如何,昨夜的CPI报告终究还只是一份孤立的通胀报告,可能还不足以锁定美联储明年的利率走向。在12月议息会议前,美国还将发布11月CPI报告,这很可能将决定通胀当前的回落态势是否能真的成立。

甚至于今晚美国密歇根大学消费者信心指数中,11月的5至10年期通胀率预期的表现,也可能对市场产生进一步的影响。该指数10月份反弹至2.9%,若进一步上涨,可能会重新加大美联储官员以比预期更大幅度加息的压力。

事实上,如果把利率预测拉长至半年乃至一年的范围内,无论是美联储自身还是市场交易员,其精确性从来就不怎么靠谱。鲍威尔自己在去年底难道就能想象得到,美联储会在今年连续四次加息大幅加息75个基点?别忘了,鲍威尔在今夏首度加息75个基点时,还曾强调这一加息幅度不会常态化呢!

换言之,欲知美联储后事如何?终究还得看下回经济数据再行分解……

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