主流用户都能用的加密钱包长啥样？一文详解新钱包标准ERC-4337

A&T CapitalPublicado em 2022-09-20Última atualização em 2022-09-20

Resumo

幸运的是，我们已经很接近通行的智能合约标准，而这意味着用户很快就能拥有 100 倍的以太坊钱包体验！

我们需要更智能、更简便的钱包，而不是加密原生应用。

主流用户都能用的加密钱包长啥样？一文详解新钱包标准ERC-4337

作者：Todd

01目录

- 引子

- 释义：智能合约钱包、账户抽象和 ERC-4337

- 框架层面对比：EOA钱包、当前主流智能合约钱包 和 ERC-4337钱包

- 我们离普及智能合约钱包还有多远？

- EVM环境下/非EVM环境下

- 产品形态 & 价值捕获

- 尾声

02正文

引子

当前主流以太坊钱包（指EOA钱包）的用户体验很有限，以下便捷性功能都只能通过智能合约钱包来完成（一些链外辅助方案可以提供便利，但会引入不必要的外部风险，故不在本文讨论范围内）

- 无私钥&助记词体验，社交找回（e.g. Argent，Unipass）

- 批量交易（e.g. Gnosis Safe）

- 纯链上游戏中，无需多次签名（Session Key）

幸运的是，我们已经很接近通行的智能合约标准，而这意味着用户很快就能拥有 100 倍的以太坊钱包体验！

释义：智能合约钱包、账户抽象和 ERC-4337

智能合约钱包 (Smart Contract Wallet)是当前以太坊支持的两种钱包形态之一，而另一种是大众所常用的EOA钱包（e.g Metamask）。

顾名思义，前述的一切美好价值都得益于智能合约：

- 智能合约账户由其代码控制：通过对代码的编写，可以实现任意逻辑。

- 相比之下，EOA 钱包是由私钥控制的区块链上的地址，即通过私钥，用户可以从所述地址签发交易。

- 但“私钥即账户”的特性面对的限制也很明显：用户不能授权另一个密钥来为给定地址签名，也不能在其上编写自定义逻辑。

- 重要补充：智能合约钱包可以被编译成与 EOA 完全一样的体验（只有一个签名密钥，不可升级等），但反之则不行。

账户抽象(Account Abstraction)是通过省略以太坊账户体系中不必要细节，来减少复杂性并提高有效性有效地（消除了对 EOA 的需求和对智能合约钱包的特殊处理），最终为前述的有价值功能提供基础！（可参照Abstraction在Computer Science里的解释【1】）

ERC-4337是实现账户抽象效用的设计之一：

- 在不修改区块链底层核心协议的情况下实现。（ERC-4337，近期将有望跑通）

- 对区块链底层核心协议进行修改来实现。（EIP-3074，EVM 内将是中长期计划/ Starkware/ zksync 上已近乎完成）

框架层面对比：EOA钱包、当前主流智能合约钱包 和 ERC-4337 钱包

（如果对技术细节没有兴趣，可直接跳至“ERC-4337 的优势，相较于目前主流智能合约钱包”）

辅助阅读tips:

上图中，分割线将每个框架分成了三个部分：用户签名阶段，中继阶段（在交易被出块打包前），最终执行阶段（在交易被出块打包后）。希望这样的分割能让你更好的理解 。

EOA

- 一笔交易，由用户用其私钥进行标准的ECDSA签名，随后将其发送到以太坊Mempool，矿工将其打包至下一个区块内。

目前智能合约钱包

- 与EOA最大的区别：出于网络安全以及更好UX的考虑，目前的主流智能合约钱包需要建立&运营一个replayer来将用户的信息发送至最终的智能合约钱包。

- 考虑到以太坊目前主流智能合约钱包（e.g. Safe, Argent, Loopring）之中并不存在一个通行的开发标准，每个项目都必须开发&维护自己的relayer和相关的费用模块，并独立审计其采用的智能合约功能。

ERC-4337

- 与目前主流智能合约钱包最大的区别在于：

- 建立通用模块 Useroperation Mempool & Bundler 来替代每个项目独立开发的relayer模块；

- 引入Entry Point智能合约来优化用户创建新钱包体验以及智能合约钱包验证user-operation可行性等流程

- 具体流程是这样的，不同于transaction，用户发出的User Operation会汇集到User Operation Mempool，并由Bundler对数笔User Operation进行打包（并附上gas fee）后发给以太坊的transaction mempool，随后由出块节点包含至下一个区块。

- 上述打包的User Operation将由Entry Point智能合约处理，包括初次部署智能合约账户以及验证用户User Operation对象。

- 最终，用户User Operation由用户选择的智能合约钱包处理。

ERC-4337 的优势，相较于目前主流智能合约钱包

- 每个智能合约钱包无需单独运营一个relayer；

- 便捷性极强的智能合约功能模块是通用的，大量节约重新造轮子的成本；

- 通过Bundler打包后，交易的固定成本得以被摊销，最终降低用户的交易成本。

我们离普及智能合约钱包还有多远？

100% EVM 链（感谢https://hackmd.io/@erc4337 【2】)的巨大帮助）

答案是很快了。核心合约基本准备就绪，数个优秀团队即将发布生产级的ERC-4337原生客户端钱包！

要部署 ERC-4337——整个 EVM 生态系统的通用标准，需要开发几个主要模块（如上图红点所示）：

① 生产级ERC-4337 源生客户端钱包

虽然 ERC-4337 没有指定签名方案，但依赖 MetaMask 为 UserOperation 使用 ERC-191 或 ERC-712 签名的 dapp 并不是最佳的用户体验。Market 需要客户端钱包通过专用的标准签名方案原生支持代理钱包地址及其 UserOperation 交易。

开发进展:

② UserOperation Block Builder Bundler

ERC-4337 网络的主要操作模式至少需要一定部分的网络块构建结构（e.g. 矿工、验证器、排序器等）才能在其公共 P2P 内存池中原生支持 UserOps，并使用这些 UserOps 创建捆绑包并包含Entry Point交易在block中。

开发进展:

③ Entry Point智能合约

ERC-4337的核心部分。

开发进展:

④ 生产级 ERC-4337 ECDSA 代理钱包智能合约

ERC-4337 的主要操作模式假设每个用户都将获得由代理钱包代表的身份。这意味着为此类钱包提供安全实施至关重要。这也意味着我们必须保证用户的代理钱包地址在整个网络中是确定性和一致的，就像 EOA 一样。

开发进展:

⑤ ERC-4337 客户端 SDK

这部分旨在使 ERC-4337 集成到各种钱包和 dapp 中尽可能简单，例如继续使用 MetaMask，同时能体验到 ERC-4337的功能。

开发情况:

⑥⑦⑧⑨...社交找回、Paymaster 以及你想要的便捷性功能

虽然这些功能不是 ERC-4337 钱包的必备部分，但 ERC-4337 钱包的价值必将建立在其之上。

开发进度：

非100% EVM L2 （e.g.Starknet）

答案是比 EVM 环境更早。目前，开发人员已经可以在测试网中使用它进行编码，并且许多强大的功能已经进入生产级。

作为非 EVM 等价区块链，Starkware 可以通过在协议级别上进行一些修改来更轻松地实现帐户抽象（与以太坊和 100% EVM 环境相比）。

StarkNet 上 Account Abstraction 的基本流程

目前，帐户抽象的进展几乎已达到可大规模推广的生产级别，且Starkware 已发布了涵盖帐户抽象改进的 StarkNet Alpha 0.10.0（受ERC-4337启发）

[DevConnect StarkNet 黑客马拉松] 期间已经出现了一些很有趣的东西：

- Session Key：通过创建存储在浏览器中的一次性签名密钥，用户只需在游戏一段时间内签一次名。这消除了玩家签署重复交易的需要。（Briq & Realms【3】）

- Dead Man's Switch：在一定的长时间内，若账户未使用，该设计允许受信任的帐户访问你钱包中的资产，并将账户所有权转交给既定人选，以此解决如果原持有人消失后的账户资产转交问题。（deadman【4】）

- 游戏工会多签系统：允许token持有者在保有所有权的情况下，在工会内开放其NFT的使用权限。（Guildly【5】）

产品形态和价值捕获

产品形态：最终可能会与当前见过的都不太一样

回想一下前述的内容，账户抽象的主要合约甚至钱包客户端SDK都会是开源的，这意味着在基于账户抽象框架来推出一个基础钱包（不含各种花样功能）是非常容易的。随后，开源社区已经有很多很棒的便捷性功能，并且可以期待还会有更多。最重要的是，这些基础钱包和便捷性功能都在同一个标准下！

- 那么，产品形式大概会是这样：任何人都可以构建一个标准化的前端，并加载一个便捷性功能的插件市场，让用户可以他们想要使用的插件，并展示当前正在使用的插件（我不是 PM 或美工，如果下图很难看，还请谅解 ：）

价值捕获：我们需要再次直面公共物品的收入模式

参考前述理论，如果基础界面会沉淀为底层基础设施，而大部分的便捷性功能也都将开源，那如何做价值捕获？

- 当然，钱包可以继续通过swap功能来实现流量变现。

- 但对这些极具价值的便捷性功能而言，目前的市场缺乏针对这类公共物品的适当的激励机制，那谁来负责丰富更多的便捷性功能呢？毕竟这是智能合约钱包最重要的价值所在。

- 大众用户能习惯对公共物品的按次付费吗？

尾声

正如Vitalik多次公开对账户抽象的阐述那样：账户抽象是区块链网络进行主流人群的必经之路！ 希望这篇文章能让你对它有更好的理解。

尽管仍然存在许多实际限制（e.g. 许多不支持 EIP-1271 的 dapp >>> 智能合约钱包无法与这些 dapp 进行交互），并且它不适合多链场景。但就像 L2 是以太坊的未来一样，我相信 账户抽象是以太坊钱包的未来！

当然，我也鼓励大家在多链用例中尝试 MPC 钱包，它应该是近期最好的钱包解决方案了。如果你对多链体系下的账户抽象钱包有任何想法，请联系我！

感谢 @沙漏时间@cejay@kristofgazso的帮助！

参考内容：

https://hackmd.io/@s0lness/BJUb16Yo9

https://medium.com/nethermind-eth/ethereum-wallets-today-and-tomorrow-eip-3074-vs-erc-4337-a7732b81efc8

【1】https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)

【2】https://hackmd.io/@erc4337

【3】https://twitter.com/lordOfAFew/status/1519057227834818561

【4】https://deadman.me/

【5】https ://www.notion.so/33c8008e033d4040b9438edf5225c580

【6】https://www.stackup.sh

【7】https://www.candidewallet.com

【8】https://twitter.com/soulwallet_eth

【9】https://nethermind.io/

【10】https://github.com/NethermindEth/nethermind/tree/master/src/Nethermind/Nethermind.AccountAbstraction

【11】https://github.com/NethermindEth/mev-aa-geth

【12】https://twitter.com/infinitism8

【13】https://github.com/eth-infinitism/account-abstraction

【14】https://github.com/stackupfinance/stackup/blob/main/apps/contracts/contracts/entrypoint/EntryPoint.sol

【15】https://www.biconomy.io/

【16】https://github.com/eth-infinitism/account-abstraction

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