Gavin Wood:波卡平行链可能超过 100 条,生态中可能还会出现第三条中继链

PolkaWorldPublicado em 2022-03-11Última atualização em 2022-03-11

Resumo

同为分片,波卡和以太坊 2.0 的区别是什么?

近日,Polkadot 创始人 Gavin Wood 做客 The Defiant 播客,和主持人 Camila 聊了聊一些非常有趣的话题,包括:

  • 同为分片,波卡和以太坊 2.0 的区别是什么?
  • 波卡最多能承载多少条平行链?限制来自哪里?
  • DOT 的价值和平行链的成功有何关系?
  • 波卡生态除了 Polkadot 和 Kusama 还会有别的中继链吗?
  • 波卡如何赋予开发者和用户自由?
  • “桥” 是连接起区块链的终极方案吗?
  • Web3 是什么?

以下是 PolkaWorld 对该播客内容的部分总结:
以太坊 2.0 VS 波卡
Camila:以太坊 2.0 也在做分片,那么它和 Polkadot 的区别就是是否使用了 WebAssembly,可以这么说吗?WebAssmebly 是一个你想去实验的方向吗?
Gavin:WebAssembly 确实是主要的区别之一,还有另外一些区别。比如我们分片的方式,和我们共识的方式等,以及在具体的实现层面的具体差别,我们是更早提出分片的。
很大的一个区别在于我们所说的分片状态机器上。我们的分片状态机器主要基于 WebAssembly,也就是说你可以用任何你喜欢的语言来编写任何计算机程序,只要能够编译为 WebAssembly 就行。你可以直接去编写一条链,只不过这个链会由 Polkadot 来保障安全,它会和 Polkadot 适用同样的安全模型和 Staking 资产池,也就是说如果有人勾结起来攻击你的链,就等同于是攻击 Polkadot。所以说,它确实是分片的结构,每个分片的安全性和 Polkadot 同样高,但是每个分片却可以做到完全不同的东西,而且是并行地独立运行的,也就是说不同的工作可以同时发生在每个不同的分片上。
所以说,我觉得两者在产品层面上的主要区别就是,在 Polkadot 中,你可以租到整个分片,而以太坊(2.0)则一直在试图坚持以太坊模型,只不过让这个模型变得更具可扩展性,扩展性基本是来自拥有更多的工作流,让一些智能合约运行在这个分片上,一些智能合约运行在另一个分片上。而 Polkadot 的想法产生于 “如果这些分片不一定非要是智能合约呢?如果它们可以是任何的链会怎样呢?如果说它们中的一个只专注于域名注册,另一个只专注于 DeFi,另一个只专注于 NFT呢?” 这样做会不会有什么优势呢?
对于我来说,答案当然是有优势,因为有很多高吞吐量的应用,有时候你知道你肯定需要为这一个应用处理很多的交易,比如 DeFi,那么专业化就很有必要,因为你对性能的要求极高,但同时你又有机会去做实验,你可以在不同的链上尝试不同的想法,不会拘泥于一个智能合约的模型,你甚至可以有多种不同的做智能合约的方式。其实现在也有不同的链在推动不同的智能合约模型,有的可能是非图灵完备,有的有存储手续费有的没有。我认为实验是让区块链伟大的地方,Polkadot 可以同时进行 100 来个实验,这是让我很激动的一点。
平行链的上限取决于什么
Camila:Polkadot 里的分片就是平行链对吧,那么平行链数量有上限吗?
Gavin:肯定有,但是我们目前还没有试出来上限是多少。我们会持续增加平行链,直到触到上限,就会进行优化或采取一些必要措施。
早期我们猜测的限制会来自消息传递,当你增加更多的平行链,那么每一条平行链可能想要去沟通的链就更多。比如当你添加第二条平行链,网络里只有两条链,A 和 B 通信,B 和 A 通信;但是如果你添加的是第 101 条平行链,那么每条平行链都可以和另外 100 条通信,这意味着连接的总数就会有 10000 条,是乘数级增加的。这就是所谓的网络效应,这也是为什么 Facebook 会有滚雪球效应,因为每新加入一个人,网络都比以前更有用。所以说消息传递随着平行链的增多会变得更昂贵,因为消息数是链数量的平方,每增加一条链,传递消息的成本就会急剧增加。
现在我们有一个算法可以帮我们避免这个问题,所以说实际上,我们可以自信地讲我们可以承载比原设想的 100 条更多的平行链,可能可以有几百条。但是现实来讲肯定也会有上限,只能慢慢试出来。
现实来讲,也有可能瓶颈不会来自消息传递,可能会来自区块终结算法,我们的终结算法叫 GRANDPA,要求所有的验证人去互相通信,虽然说通信的内容很简单,而验证人的数量必须得是平行链数量的 10 倍。所以如果你有 100 万条平行链,就得有 1000 万个验证人,而且每个都得和其他的验证人通信,那么每个验证人的流量就很大,需要有超大的带宽,而这又会导致中心化,因为这要求验证人有很专业的设备和数据中心,这是我们不想看到的,我们不想牺牲去中心化,所以如果达到这种必须牺牲去中心化的程度,我们就不会再增加验证人了。
如果非要给出一个数字的话,我觉得我们的目标是让 Polkadot 大概能够承载 100-250 条平行链。
波卡生态:规模化和专业化
Gavin:规模化是很重要的,我们就是通过平行链(分片)来实现规模化。
这包含两个方面,一是我们可以把工作量拆分,以前可能是一个人要做所有的工作,现在我们可以把工作分派给 100 个人带回家做,然后把完成的工作交给原来的那个人。这就是一个很简单的概念——并行化。
另一方面就是每一个分片可以做一个专业的领域,处理一类专门的工作。就像你不会把让一个医生来做会计工作,波卡的理念就是,一个分片擅长做会计,一个分片比如说擅长做 NFT,另一个分片擅长治理等。这种专业化让链可以更快处理其工作,因此我们从非通用化中获得了性能优势。像以太坊就是非常通用的智能合约平台,这就让它什么都能做,但是什么都不精。而波卡是说,我们可以有一些万精油的链,但是也可以有一些在某方面很专业的链。
所以规模化是很重要的一点,但另外一个很重要的是,当你做一项新的技术,你只有在做出来并有人用之后,才能知道它的持续影响是什么。我在做波卡之后才意识到的一点是,智能合约平台非常适合做智能合约,但是这些平台上发生的很多事情其实根本不是智能合约的工作。以太坊的用户主要分为两类,一类是想在该平台上以智能合约来部署去中心化应用的人,另一类是想要使用去中心化应用的人。问题在于,这些用户并不是想用以太坊,他们只是想用上面的应用,他们并不关心 ETH 是什么,如果去中心化应用建立在一个不需要他们去关心底层平台 token 的平台上,其实对用户来说更好。同样地,这些应用开发者也不是很想把应用建立在智能合约上,有时候他们并不想用智能合约的方式来架构自己的应用。很多时候,是智能合约平台强加了一些设计决定在你身上,而这些决定是违反了你平时架构软件的方式的。
在 Polkadot,我们希望把设计的自由交还去中心化应用开发者们,更进一步,我们不希望让 Polkadot 介入到去中心化应用和其用户之间,因为这样做很傻,只是在降低这些应用对用户的效用而已。如果用户还需要去接触底层平台的 DOT,这对他们来说是一种干扰。进一步说,如果你将去中心化应用的用户很大程度地限制为底层平台用户,具体点说就是,如果你不是已经拥有了一些以太币,那么你很难去使用以太坊上的任何智能合约,你不仅得理解该智能合约,还得理解以太币,你得去交易所里,注册一下,弄点以太币,把它们转到一个账户里,然后才能做一些跟该去中心化应用相关的东西。这些步骤,对于一个本来不了解以太坊的人来说很麻烦,现实点看,你的目标用户就被限制在了那些已经持有以太坊,有 MetaMask,而且了解以太坊和其账户的概念的人。如果我们想要走向主流用户,这就是一个很大的问题。Polkadot 想确保能交付一个去中心化应用平台给开发者,让他们的应用可以直接和用户交互,而且不用涉及任何中介。
平行链的成功和 DOT 的价值
Camila:所以举个例子,Polkadot 上的平台 Acala 的用户,不需要持有 DOT 才能支付交易手续费,他们可以直接持有 ACA 来使用 Acala。那么 DOT 的价值来自哪里呢?它的通证经济学是怎样的呢?
Gavin:我们并不想从经济上把 DOT 的和平行链的成功分开,所以我们做的是,让平行链可以部署到 Polkadot 上,要么是它是一条有公共利益的平行链,也就是可以提供一些对 DOT 持有人都有用的功能,要么是通过 Auction。我们通过 Auction 把 100 条或者 200 条平行链的插槽放出去,插槽有点像是 Polkadot 中的一些地块,团队可以竞标这些插槽,如果成功了,就可以将其去中心化应用部署到 Polkadot 上。团队可以用他们喜欢的方法来吸引用户,不需要担心用户得去了解 DOT token。这些 Auction 的竞标方式是锁定 DOT,而不是支付 DOT。在平行链团队租赁插槽期间 DOT 都会被锁定,目前 Polkadot 的租赁期是两年。假设一个平行链团队锁定 100 万 DOT 来租赁插槽,那么两年租期结束后,这 100 万 DOT 会被解锁。这个过程是由 Polkadot 协议保证的,他们到时候一定可以解锁这些 token。
那么有趣的地方来了,团队要怎么找到 100 万 DOT 来竞标插槽呢?可能团队自己有很多 DOT,或者可以去找 VC 之类的融资或借款,又或者,可以使用 Crowdloan。这个概念有点像 Crowdfund,只不过大家仅仅是借出自己的 DOT,而不是把它给别人。同样的,这个过程也是由 Polkadot 协议保证的。所以团队就可以通过这种方式获得很多人的支持,而且团队可能会说,只要你借 DOT 给我们,我们就会给你一些奖励,奖励形式也取决于团队,比如可以给 5% 的 token,或者说可以给出 NFT 奖励,只要持有这个 NFT 就能当 Collator 节点来赚取回报等等,又或者说给你一些服务的折扣等。
Camila:目前为止有多少平行链通过 Auction 租出去了?
Gavin:Polkadot 有 6 条平行链已经上线了。
除了 Dotsama 外,还会有其他中继链吗?
Camila:在 Polkadot 生态中,除了金丝雀网 Kusama 和主网 Polkadot 这两条中继链之外,你觉得还会有其他的更多中继链吗?
Gavin:我猜可能还会有另外一两个,其中一个我看到的趋势是联盟类型的链,也就是专门为产业、企业、组织打造的链。他们可能想要联合起来并互相沟通,但是却不想成为某条公链的一部分,可能觉得没有必要加入另一条链的经济系统。对于这些链来说用 Polkadot 就更合适,因为Polkadot 不会介入到所有交易中。所以理论上说,我们可能会看到一些中继链通过桥连接到 Polkadot 中继链,这些也可以被看作是广义上的 Polkadot 生态。
我觉得至少从我个人的角度可以这么说,如果说某条中继链不能提供 Polkadot 和 Kusama 以外的价值,只是纯粹的山寨,那么我们可能不会欢迎这样的链。
区块链行业的未来形态
Camila:在目前我们所处的区块链行业环境中,有多个 Layer1 的链互相竞争,你觉得 Polkadot 会成为主要的生态之一,吸引大多数的开发者和用户吗?还是说各种链都会通过桥等方式互相联系起来?你怎么看?
Gavin:几周前 Vitalik 发表了一篇文章,称 “桥正在衰落,别再搞桥什么的了”。大体上说,我认同这个观点,我觉得桥可能扮演的是一个相对不重要的角色,它们遭受着 “反网络效应”,也就是说对于少量的金融价值流量来说它们足够安全,但是如果某个桥变得很重要,流量增加了,这个桥就会变得越发不安全,因为桥的安全性是固定的,但是通过其中的流量却可能大大增加,那么在某一个点,流量的价值超过了桥的安全性,那么受到攻击就只是时间问题。
只要桥的价值流量被控制在合理范围内,也就是说桥不要被使用得太多,那么桥这个方案也是行得通的。但是如果在桥的基础上架构一个生态,那就是自讨苦吃,所以我并不觉得这会是未来的趋势。
我希望我们可以维持在两三条主要的链,每条链有不同架构,我们总是在说 Polkadot 是 Layer 0,它自己除了保障平行链的安全之外其实不做什么事,平行链才是为用户提供应用的链。所以我觉得去想象这样一个世界并不牵强:只有一两条 Layer 1 负责自己的安全,更多的 Layer 0 负责着其生态的安全。
我的主要驱动力是确保我们提供对开发者来说最好的平台,因为我觉得目前最重要的不是获取用户,而是获取开发者,从而保证我们有最有吸引力的应用,有最有吸引力的部署应用的平台。在我看来,去中心化应用提供者可以有效地向用户推销其服务,而不用强制用户为其部署应用的平台买单,这点对主流采用至关重要。所以我得保证在 Polkadot 中能实现这一点,因为在其他的链里并没有实现,还有就是让 API 和框架好用。而且我们可能会自己做几个 demo 应用,一是因为好玩,二是可以内部试用一下自己做的东西,确保它好用。
Web 3 的未来
Camila:你从很早之前就在谈论 Web3,比很多人初次听说这个词要早很多,你从 2014 年起就在写文章谈论 Web3 了,你可以聊聊 Web3 对你来说是什么吗?还有最近有很多人都在质疑和反对 NFT、Web3 等,认为通证化治理只是把去网络应用变成了富豪统治,认为这些只是无意义地往互联网投入大量资金和贪婪而已。你怎么看待这些声音呢?
Gavin:对于我来说,Web3 不是加密货币,也不是区块链或者通证经济学。对我来说 Web3 就是去中心化,就是公开、透明,是从技术上能够绝对保证你的预期能够如约实现。
我不应该必须得相信 Facebook 才能和我的朋友发消息,也不应该必须相信银行才能给我爸爸打钱,不应该这样啊。在过去我们是不需要这样做的,以前可能是我爸就在我旁边,我直接给他钱就行了,这个转账过程中我不需要信任任何银行,或者我直接转头就能跟朋友说话,不需要信任扎克伯格。这种把任何东西都植入信任的方法是一种懒惰,只是因为作为开发者和服务提供方,如果你给予自己上帝的权力,架构起来就会更方便而已,如果不这样的话会更难。但是那却是我们应该在这个时代去做的东西,在这个时代,我们有很多非常能干的人在努力地去消除 “自由社会” 的概念。我们别无选择,只能去把隐私保障和诸项基本权利载入我们使用的软件和科技中,这些权利才能不被绕过,才能确保没有个人可以去打破这些规则。这些东西对于自由世界的存在是必不可少的。
我认为的 Web3 是一个技术堆栈,让我们能够使用它来创建大多数人在用的网络应用,这些应用比没有采用该技术栈的应用更不容易受攻击。
原播客:https://thedefiant.io/polkadots-gavin-wood-on-building-a-layer-0-to-underpin-the-entire-blockchain-based-economy/

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The article titled "Gate Research Institute: Are Crypto Financial Products Sparking a 'Wall Street' Wave—Competition or Convergence?" explores the evolving relationship between the crypto ecosystem and traditional finance (TradFi). The piece begins by reflecting on Bitcoin's original 2009 vision of decentralization, disintermediation, and moving away from banks. It then contrasts this with the 2024 landscape, where key crypto assets like Bitcoin are increasingly held through Wall Street products like ETFs issued by giants like BlackRock. The article questions whether this signifies that TradFi is systematically taking over the rights to issue, price, custody, and distribute crypto financial assets. The core argument is that this is not a zero-sum takeover but rather a bidirectional convergence where each side addresses the other's weaknesses. Crypto offers 24/7 global markets, programmable settlement, and open access but lacks compliant channels, institutional-grade custody, deep fiat liquidity, and mainstream distribution. TradFi possesses these but is constrained by legacy systems, limited operating hours, and slow settlement. Two primary convergence paths are highlighted: * **Path A (CEX to TradFi):** Exemplified by Gate, which has progressed from offering tokenized stocks and CFDs to providing direct, real stock trading (US, Hong Kong, South Korea) within its platform, using USDT. * **Path B (TradFi to Crypto):** Exemplified by Robinhood, which has integrated crypto trading, acquired exchanges like Bitstamp, and is moving traditional assets like stocks onto the blockchain via tokenization and its own Layer 2. Both paths are ultimately competing to become the next-generation, unified financial account—a "super account" where users can seamlessly trade cryptocurrencies, stocks, ETFs, RWA (Real World Assets), and tokenized treasury products in one interface. The growth of RWA and tokenized treasuries (e.g., BlackRock's BUIDL) is presented as the asset-layer fusion, providing stable, yield-bearing assets on-chain and acting as a bridge between the two worlds. In conclusion, the "Wall Street-ization" of crypto is framed as a mutual transformation. Decentralized ideals persist in the protocol layer, while at the application layer, a more efficient, global, and accessible unified capital market is emerging from this convergence. The future competition lies not between crypto exchanges and stockbrokers, but between platforms vying to offer the most comprehensive asset coverage, liquidity, and user experience within a single account.

marsbitHá 12h

Gate Research Institute: The 'Wall Street-ization' Wave of Crypto Financial Products – Competition or Integration?

marsbitHá 12h

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Bem-vindo à HTX.com!Tornámos a compra de Polkadot (DOT) simples e conveniente.Segue o nosso guia passo a passo para iniciar a tua jornada no mundo das criptos.Passo 1: cria a tua conta HTXUtiliza o teu e-mail ou número de telefone para te inscreveres numa conta gratuita na HTX.Desfruta de um processo de inscrição sem complicações e desbloqueia todas as funcionalidades.Obter a minha contaPasso 2: vai para Comprar Cripto e escolhe o teu método de pagamentoCartão de crédito/débito: usa o teu visa ou mastercard para comprar Polkadot (DOT) instantaneamente.Saldo: usa os fundos da tua conta HTX para transacionar sem problemas.Terceiros: adicionamos métodos de pagamento populares, como Google Pay e Apple Pay, para aumentar a conveniência.P2P: transaciona diretamente com outros utilizadores na HTX.Mercado de balcão (OTC): oferecemos serviços personalizados e taxas de câmbio competitivas para os traders.Passo 3: armazena teu Polkadot (DOT)Depois de comprar o teu Polkadot (DOT), armazena-o na tua conta HTX.Alternativamente, podes enviá-lo para outro lugar através de transferência blockchain ou usá-lo para transacionar outras criptomoedas.Passo 4: transaciona Polkadot (DOT)Transaciona facilmente Polkadot (DOT) no mercado à vista da HTX.Acede simplesmente à tua conta, seleciona o teu par de trading, executa as tuas transações e monitoriza em tempo real.Oferecemos uma experiência de fácil utilização tanto para principiantes como para traders experientes.

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Como comprar DOT

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