市场回暖,美方态度突变:对华政策转向背后的算计

比推Publicado em 2025-10-14Última atualização em 2025-10-14

文|《财经》特约撰稿人 金焱 发自华盛顿
编辑|苏琦

原文标题:市场情绪逆转,美为何迅速软化对华立场?


贸易和关税相关消息引发的对4月市场动荡重演的担忧,在10月13日周一已经开始消散。

随着特朗普政府持续释放缓和信号寻求谈判。美股周一收高,三大股指均挽回上周五的部分失地。道指反弹将近600点,标普对上周五的失地收复大约一半。半导体ETF收涨超4.4%,领跑美股行业ETF,标普科技板块涨约2.5%。中概指数收涨3.2%。

黄金涨势继续,10月13日纽约尾盘,现货黄金涨2.27%,报4109.17美元/盎司,全天持续、平滑地震荡上行,一度刷新历史高位至4117.13美元。COMEX黄金期货涨3.21%,报4128.80美元/盎司,一度涨至4137.20美元创盘中历史新高。费城金银指数收涨4.76%,报309.59点,突破10月8日所创收盘历史最高位309.12点。纽约证交所ARCA金矿开采商指数收涨4.00%,报2201.05点,逼近10月8日所创收盘历史最高位2207.52点。

美国总统特朗普当地时间10日威胁对中国商品大规模加征关税,包括对关键软件实施出口管制。特朗普表示,针对中方采取的稀土等相关物项出口管制,美国将从11月1日起对中国商品加征100%关税。美股市场因此出现大幅波动,期权交易量创下历史纪录。

在此后的60多个小时内,美国政府立场大幅转向。特朗普暗示不会实施其威胁的“大幅提高关税”,副总统万斯释放希望谈判的信号。美国财政部长斯科特·贝森特接受美国媒体采访时透露,中美双方在周末进行了大量的沟通,“我们已经大幅缓和了紧张局势”。

多位华尔街分析师对《财经》表示,如果特朗普兑现威胁,他将面临重大的政治风险,同时激发对美国市场和通胀更深层次的担忧。

稀土对科技制造业至关重要。10月9日,中国商务部发布稀土开采、冶炼及磁材制造等12项核心技术出口管制公告,首次将“中国成分占比0.1%”作为境外产品出口门槛,并对涉军用途、先进制程芯片研发实施逐案审批。商务部新闻发言人10月12日在答记者问时表示,中方发布了关于稀土等相关物项的出口管制措施,这是中国政府依据法律法规,完善自身出口管制体系的正当做法。

今年中美贸易再次冲突以来,尽管历经四轮深入磋商,两国政府仍未能在核心分歧上取得突破,以彻底化解双方均面临不利的“非合作均衡”局面。特朗普选择在亚太经合组织(APEC)峰会开幕在即的关键时刻,将中美贸易冲突再次升级,被解读为想在谈判前极限施压,以争取更多筹码,是他对新一轮经贸磋商的战术策略。

周日,中国商务部表示,动辄以高额关税进行威胁,不是与中方相处的正确之道。外交部发言人林剑在主持10月13日例行记者会时表示,近一段时间来,美方持续出台一系列对华限制和制裁措施,严重损害中方利益。中方对此坚决反对。林剑称,美方不仅没有反躬自省,反而以高关税相威胁,这不是同中方打交道的正确方式。中方敦促美方尽快纠正错误做法,以两国元首通话重要共识为引领,在平等尊重和互惠基础上,通过对话解决各自关切,妥善管控分歧,维护中美关系稳定、健康、可持续发展。如果美方一意孤行,中方也必将坚决采取相应措施,维护自身正当权益。

今年4月中美关税升级已经证明,美方威胁的100%或更高水平的关税很难在现实中执行,基本失去了经济学意义。

市场以剧烈震荡回馈这一冲突升级。数据显示,美国期权总交易量突破1亿份合约大关,这是历史上仅有的第二次——上一次是在4月4日,当时市场下跌5.97%。看跌期权交易量创下历史第二高纪录,看涨期权交易量则刷新历史新高,超过6000万份合约易手。

特朗普周日态度转暖。他在社交媒体上发帖称:“别担心中国,一切都会没事的!”特朗普后来在“空军一号”上对记者表示,他预计最终会与中国达成协议,称11月1日“还很遥远”,并表示“我认为我们与中国之间会没事的”。

美国副总统万斯表示,如果中方“愿意采取理性的态度”,特朗普对与中国谈判持开放态度。万斯表示,他周六和周日都与特朗普通话。万斯说,特朗普“珍视他与中方建立的友谊”。

美国财政部长斯科特·贝森特接受美国媒体采访时透露,中美双方在周末进行了大量的沟通,“我们已经大幅缓和了紧张局势”。他说,“我相信这次会晤计划仍将继续有效,为两国重启谈判创造条件。 ”贝森特还提到,本周在华盛顿举行的国际货币基金组织和世界银行年会期间,美国将与中国官员举行“高层会晤”。

投资者受到特朗普言论的鼓舞。比特币周末上涨超过3%,交投于115,000美元上方。黄金期货和白银期货均上涨超过1%,原油期货涨近1%。衡量美元兑一篮子外币汇率的洲际交易所DXY美元指数基本持平。

分析人士对《财经》指出,美方迅速软化对华立场,背后有几层原因。

中美双方领导人日前已就TikTok美国业务达成一项“框架性”协议,若交易顺利完成,它将成为中美贸易谈判的罕见突破。特朗普本身正在等交易获得美国国会批准,他不希望轻举妄动失去 TikTok 交易。

另外,特朗普已经着手将中美大豆议题提到重要日程。美国大豆农民正面临销售市场萎缩的压力,尤其是曾大力支持特朗普的农业州。如果中国购买美国大豆的希望渺茫,将给特朗普带来政治风险。

图片

据美国农业部数据,自今年5月以来,中国没有下过任何一笔新订单。而去年美国245亿美元的大豆产出,仅中国就消耗了将近一半。摄/金焱

第三,中国主导着全球稀土供应。如今,控制稀土金属和电池等原材料和技术利害攸关,这些原材料和技术将驱动下一代的工业。如果特朗普升级关税威胁,中国稀土控制将对美国汽车和航空航天供应链构成风险。

美国国内,美国政府停摆已近两周。特朗普的永久裁员措施加剧了民主党人对共和党人的怀疑,可能会延长政府停摆时间。另外,关键薪资发放期限迫近。10月15日是大多数联邦雇员的下个发薪日,也可能成为众多公职人员首度遭遇欠薪的时点。

美国已经因关税持续拖累经济增长,近来很多经济学家上调了美国经济的增长预期,因围绕关税政策的确定性增强。关税政策带来的政治不确定性和成本再次上升,会对美国经济造成更大的打击。


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