马斯克要建“美国党”:挑战两党统治还是又一次政治秀?

比推Publicado em 2025-07-03Última atualização em 2025-07-03

来源:NBC News

编译:BitpushNews

原文标题:Could an Elon Musk political party change American elections?


埃隆·马斯克本周威胁要组建自己的政党,这并非他第一次流露出此想法。

早在2022年,在他深度介入共和党政治之前,在一系列社交媒体帖子中,马斯克曾思考过在政治上另辟蹊径,他曾表示,自己对民主党和共和党都不太满意。

“一个在所有问题上都比共和党或民主党更温和的政党将是理想的,”马斯克在2022年5月于X(当时还叫Twitter)上发帖表示。

这只是一次短暂的涉猎。在媒体短暂报道之后,马斯克从未真正落实组建第三政党的想法,反而开始向右翼团体投入大量资金。

但现在,他重拾在美国组建第三政党的念头,原因是他与特朗普总统再次就一项可能使国家债务增加3.3万亿美元的共和党大型支出法案发生争执。

“如果这个疯狂的支出法案通过,‘美国党’将在第二天成立,”马斯克周一在X上发帖写道,该帖在一天内的浏览量超过4200万。该法案周二已在参议院通过,并将提交众议院审议,共和党领导人希望能在7月4日之前通过。

马斯克本周至少发布了八次帖子,宣传组建新党的想法。他表示,他的政党将专注于减少国家债务——他说民主党和共和党都无力做到这一点。他说两大政党步调一致,就像“贪吃的猪党!!”

马斯克除了提到政党名称“美国党”和关注债务问题外,并未详述其计划。他没有回复通过电子邮件发出的置评请求。专家告诉NBC新闻,如果马斯克选择真正尝试建立一个新政党,他将面临一场艰苦的战斗。

特朗普对马斯克的表态作出反击,威胁要削减政府对马斯克旗下企业的支持,称他的政府可能会“吃掉埃隆”。

而且,马斯克在公众中并不受欢迎——即便是在那些不认同两大党的人中也是如此,这使得他不太可能成为发起第三政党的人选。昆尼皮亚克大学上个月对登记选民进行的民调显示,在政治独立派人士中,有 59% 对马斯克持负面看法,只有 29% 对他持正面看法。

根据统计作家内特·西尔弗运营的马斯克人气追踪器,自他一个月前离开特朗普政府职位以来,他在公众中的形象如果有什么变化的话,那就是变得更糟了。

但作为世界首富,马斯克拥有巨大的资源(主要来自他在特斯拉和SpaceX的股份),并且他控制着X这个重要的媒体平台。这些资产对于组建政党可能派上用场。

根据NBC新闻对选民登记数据的分析,随着选民以越来越高的比例脱离两党制,登记的独立选民和第三党成员数量也在增加。

独立选民和第三党派注册率激增
自2000年以来,未隶属于任一主要政党的登记选民比例已增长近9个百分点。

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民主党和共和党几十年来几乎垄断了美国的政治体系,虽然也有独立人士当选国会议员(包括目前参议院的两名独立议员),但他们通常与主要政党组成党团会议,并非作为真正的第三党候选人进行运作。主要政党经常修改州法律或采取其他措施阻止第三政党进入选票。

《Ballot Access News》编辑、长期推动放宽第三党派上票门槛的理查德·温格表示,他不确定该如何看待马斯克的声明。

“他太善变了,”温格说。“他在生活中取得了巨大成就,但从政治角度看,他似乎非常不严肃。”

去年,马斯克成为共和党政治中最大的金主,捐赠超过2.9亿美元帮助特朗普重返白宫。他还在全球范围内推动右翼政治,包括支持一个淡化纳粹暴行的德国政党。但在一个月前离开特朗普政府后,他与许多共和党人保持了距离。

很少有第三政党取得重大成功。

少数小型第三政党,如自由党和绿党,确实举行代表大会并推举候选人竞选公职,但很少获得胜选。许多其他建立第三政党的尝试,如前总统西奥多·罗斯福1912年创立的进步党,都未能长久。

美国的制度在全球范围内是个异类。加拿大、欧洲及其他地方的民主国家通常实行多党制,政党之间常常结成联盟以赢得立法机构的控制权。

佐治亚州瓦尔多斯塔州立大学的政治学教授伯纳德·塔马斯表示,马斯克要建立第三政党必须克服许多障碍。

“这不像经营企业,”他说。“它必须更像一场社会运动。它必须是草根性的,人们要有动力、有干劲去奋斗。”

尽管马斯克去年似乎帮助激励了一些摇摆州的特朗普选民,但一个真正有竞争力的第三政党需要的组织规模将远远大于马斯克的超级政治行动委员会(super PAC)。

“即使他能投入资金,他也无法复制这两个政党所拥有的制度性结构,”塔马斯说。“他能否做到还是个悬而未决的问题,但金钱是不够的。金钱并非挡在第三政党面前的唯一障碍。”

至少有一位第三党组织者——在2020年民主党总统初选中落败的杨安泽——表示有兴趣与马斯克合作,而马斯克在2022年曾表示他之前支持过杨安泽。但目前尚不清楚马斯克是否仍有兴趣。杨安泽(周二未回应置评请求)批评特朗普的预算法案是更广泛问题的体现,他在X上写道:“这么多人讨厌这个法案;它是我们政治体系多么混乱的一个绝佳例证。”

杨安泽的“前进党”尚未取得广泛成功,但其成员中已有数人在美国各地当选,包括犹他州的一名州参议员。

建立政党的法律因州而异,但通常要求组织者收集数千个签名并满足其他要求。在马斯克居住的得克萨斯州,一个政党需要确认大约81,000名支持者——专家表示,只要有足够的时间和金钱,这是可以实现的。

“你可以雇佣付费的请愿公司,你可以让人们登上选票,”温格说。“特别是离下次选举还有很长时间,他有充裕的时间。”

但他补充说,准入要求最近变得更严格了,有几个州提高了第三政党或无党派候选人进入选票的门槛。

“当国家感觉良好平静时,投票准入法往往会变得宽松。当有很多焦虑时,法律就会变得更严。这十年真是糟透了,”温格说。

“我们在1990年代有过一个美好的十年,”他回忆道,当时亿万富翁总统候选人罗斯·佩罗及其改革党的崛起得益于各州法律的改变。

佩罗在1992年作为独立总统候选人赢得了19%的普选票,其竞选纲领主要围绕减少国家债务而展开。尽管他未能赢得任何选举人票,也未能建立一个持久的竞争性第三政党,但他确实将削减赤字推上了国家议程的首位,联邦预算在世纪末曾短暂实现平衡。他于2019年去世。

特朗普本人也曾有过组建第三党的想法。2000年,他探索争取获得改革党的总统提名,声称他的民调结果“好得难以置信”。但在四个月后,他退出了竞选,称改革党被“边缘”极端分子控制,很可能被排除在全国辩论之外。

马斯克直到2016年45岁时才投下了他人生中的第一张选举选票。

塔马斯说,一种可能的情况是马斯克发起一个第三政党,然后被一个争夺同一选民群体的主要政党所吸纳。塔马斯说,成功实现其目标的第三政党通常会在10年内消失。

“作为第三政党,你的作用应该是制造痛苦,”他说。“你应该通过让他们失去席位或输掉选举来打击他们,然后,一旦他们输了,希望他们会吸纳第三政党所宣扬的东西。他们将改变自己以求生存。”


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