鲍威尔未排除 7 月降息可能,称若非关税已降息,关税料将对通胀有影响

链捕手Publicado em 2025-07-02Última atualização em 2025-07-02

作者:何浩、卜淑情,华尔街见闻

当地时间周二,美联储主席鲍威尔在葡萄牙由欧洲央行主办的会议上,与来自欧洲和亚洲的央行领导人一同发言。

鲍威尔表示,稳定的经济活动让美联储有时间研究关税上调对物价和经济增长的影响,然后再恢复降息。他保留了多种选择。鲍威尔周二重申了他此前的观点:

我们只是暂时观望。只要美国经济保持稳健,我们认为谨慎的做法是等待、获取更多信息,并观察这些影响可能是什么。
美联储有明显多数官员预计今年晚些时候降息。

最近几周,由于美国 4 月和 5 月的通胀数据低于部分经济学家的预期,投资者提高了对美联储在今年下半年降息的预期。

鲍威尔表示,如果不是担心关税可能破坏美联储近年来压制通胀的最后阶段,美联储今年很可能会继续逐步降息。当被问及如果特朗普今年早些时候没有宣布其备受争议的对许多外国贸易伙伴加征关税的计划,美联储现在是否会再次降息时,鲍威尔回答道:

我认为是这样。实际上,当我们看到关税的规模,以及几乎所有对美国的通胀预测都因关税而大幅上升时,我们就暂停了降息。

对于本月底即将召开的 7 月 FOMC 会议,鲍威尔拒绝做出预测,称未来的经济前景将决定政策走向。「我不会排除任何一次会议,也不会明确把它放在议程上。」

关于通胀和劳动力市场

在过去两年显著下降之后,一项关键的核心通胀指标目前稳定在略高于美联储 2% 目标的位置。根据美联储偏好的衡量方式,剔除食品和能源的核心通胀在 5 月为 2.7%。

美联储官员普遍预计今年夏天关税将推高物价。鲍威尔表示,美联储官员们将密切关注通胀是否显现或没有显现。「通胀表现正如我们预期和希望的那样。我们预计夏季通胀数据将上升。」

鲍威尔重申,关税影响预计将在未来几个月的通胀数据中显现,但他也承认不确定因素依然存在。「我们正在关注,预计夏季会看到一些更高的数字」。他补充说,关税影响有可能高于或低于预期,到来的时间可能早于或晚于预期,政策制定者对这些有心理准备。

尽管特朗普就降息施加强大压力,但美联储今年迄今尚未降息,部分原因是要观察关税引发的价格上涨是否会演变为更持久的通胀。不过到目前为止,物价并未因为通胀而明显升高。鲍威尔说,「我们一直说,通胀的时机、幅度和持续时间存在高度不确定性。」

在谈到劳动力市场时,他说:「我们预计劳动力市场逐渐降温。我们非常密切地关注任何意外疲软的迹象。」

上周在国会作证时,鲍威尔暗示,美联储官员们更有可能等到至少 9 月会议之后,才能评估关税推动的物价上涨幅度。

「新美联储通讯社」点评

有「新美联储通讯社」之称的知名财经记者 Nick Timiraos 评论称:

鲍威尔近期的言论,包括在周二的讨论中,显示他正在努力在未来几个月保持政策上的广泛灵活性。这暗示美联储的降息策略可能出现转变——尤其是如果最终的关税上涨幅度低于特朗普 4 月所宣布的水平。
过去,美联储可能需要清晰的经济恶化迹象才会降息,而现在鲍威尔暗示,在当前环境下,若夏季就业数据疲软、且价格涨幅低于预期,可能就足以重新推动降息。

Timiraos 援引一些分析师的观点称,美联储可能因另一原因恢复降息:他们认为关税更可能压缩企业利润、削弱经济活动并提高失业率,而非引发持续性和有意义的通胀。

Timiraos 指出,今年以来的消费者支出数据显示出放缓趋势,尤其是在旅行等可自由支配支出方面。

美联储内部分歧

美联储在 6 月会议上一致投票决定维持利率不变,但最新点阵图显示官员们对未来利率路径存在分歧。10 位决策者预计今年至少会降息两次,7 位官员预测 2025 年不会降息,还有 2 位预计今年年底前只会降息一次。

据见闻此前文章,美联储内部对货币政策路径出现「历史级别分裂」,鲍曼和沃勒支持最早 7 月降息,因为他们认为关税引发的价格上涨是一次性的;而鹰派的哈克则持反对意见,鲍威尔则强调需观察夏季数据。一些官员担心,特朗普今年春天大幅提高进口关税,可能重新点燃通胀压力,尤其是在过去几年高通胀让企业更擅长提价之后。

市场预期美联储今年降息 70 基点,花旗仍预计 9 月首次降息,但承认 7 月可能性增加。

特朗普政府的施压

鲍威尔的讲话是在他遭到特朗普及其高级顾问罕见公开抨击之后发表的,后者指责鲍威尔具有党派倾向——鲍威尔对此坚决否认。美联储去年已降息 1 个百分点,而特朗普曾呼吁降息多达 3 个百分点。

美国国会中的共和党人正在推进减税法案,一些分析师认为这将在未来几年加剧财政赤字。此前,美国政府效率部门曾尝试削减开支,但远未达到预期,突显出削减赤字的难度。

白宫周一发布的一封写给鲍威尔的信中,特朗普再次表达了希望降低利率的愿望,理由是这将减少美国的利息支出。但这一理由在美联储看来缺乏说服力,因为国会授权其的职责是维持低通胀和强劲就业——许多经济学家认为,这两个条件才是最终实现较低借贷成本的基础。

美国财政部长贝森特近日在电视采访中表示,美联储似乎仍被 2021-2022 年高通胀的经历「创伤」所困。他将美联储比作一位曾摔过跤的老人,因为担心再次跌倒,一直低头看路,反而更容易再次摔倒。

尽管鲍威尔的美联储主席任期将持续到明年 5 月,贝森特也曾表示,白宫可能会在 10 月或 11 月提名前任接班人,以填补明年 2 月即将空缺的董事会席位。

鲍威尔在周二刻意回避了对白宫持续批评其智力和诚信问题的回应。

在周一举行的中央银行会议欢迎晚宴上,在欧洲央行行长拉加德称鲍威尔「体现了一位勇敢央行官员的标准」之后,鲍威尔赢得了与会者的起立鼓掌致敬。

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