解析韩国总统选举后全球加密货币市场的四大变化

深潮Publicado em 2025-06-03Última atualização em 2025-06-03

韩国将于6月3日举行总统选举。

作者:Ryan Yoon, Tiger Research

要点总结

  • 韩国作为核心Web3枢纽:韩国凭借54亿美元的日交易量和970万活跃用户,成为仅次于美国和中国的全球第三大加密货币市场。它是全球项目进军亚洲的关键基准。

  • 税收加速或导致交易量下滑:尽管加密货币税的实施目前推迟至2027年,但新政府很可能会提前推行。借鉴国际先例,交易量可能下降超过20%。

  • ETF获批可能性高;其他改革或面临延迟:所有主要候选人均支持引入比特币现货ETF,增加了其早期通过的可能性。相比之下,围绕韩元稳定币的监管改革和“一交易所一银行”政策预计将是更长期的议程项目。

1. 韩国的六月总统选举仅关乎本地吗?

韩国定于6月3日举行总统选举。虽然这看起来是一个本地政治事件,但由于该国对全球加密货币市场的影响力,其影响已超越国界。

韩国总统选举后全球加密货币市场的四大变化

来源:Tiger Research

韩国被广泛认为是全球Web3项目继美国和之后中国之后的第三大关键市场。这一地位并非仅仅是市场营销策略的结果。根据金融服务委员会2024年的报告,韩国的每日加密货币交易量达到7.3万亿韩元,拥有超过2000万个注册账户和970万活跃用户。

投资者的行为进一步巩固了这一地位。韩国用户对比特币和以太坊以外的山寨币始终表现出浓厚的兴趣。链上活动也十分活跃,这使得韩国成为衡量新项目在全球市场接受度的宝贵指标。

对于许多全球项目而言,在韩国建立业务已成为进入更广阔亚洲市场的战略切入点。这使得即将到来的选举具有特殊分量,因为关键的竞选议题现在包括了加密货币税收、韩元稳定币监管和加密货币ETF的批准。

这些发展不仅限于国内利益相关者。全球投资者和项目运营商也必须关注选举结果。监管收紧和放松监管的可能性都存在,而拥有大量韩国用户基础的项目可能对下届政府设定的政策方向特别敏感。

2. 韩国总统选举后将发生哪些变化?

韩国总统选举后全球加密货币市场的四大变化

来源:Tiger Research

2.1. 加密货币税收延期政策的终结

根据金融服务委员会关于企业参与加密资产市场的路线图,企业实体正被逐步授予进入加密货币市场的权限。这种逐步开放市场的做法不可避免地要求对税收框架进行相应的全面改革。

目前,韩国的虚拟资产征税被推迟至2027年。原计划是从2025年1月起,对年收益超过约1,850美元的部分征收20%的税。然而,该实施被推迟了两年。

一个日益增长的争议点是,尽管个人和公司目前都从加密货币交易中产生收入,但他们却都受益于税收延期政策。根据金融服务委员会的路线图,从2025年下半年开始,将允许上市公司和注册的专业投资公司通过公司账户投资虚拟资产。

鉴于这一转变,针对个人和公司的延期政策不太可能再次延长。政府可能会寻求立法修订,以废除当前的延期政策,并提前实施征税。

在税收延期问题上,各政党的政治立场历来存在分歧。民主党最初主张提高免税门槛而非延迟征税,尽管其最终支持了延期政策。根据选举结果,政策可能会转向提高扣除限额,而非维持延期政策。

如果征税得以实施,国内交易所的交易量很可能出现显著下降——这与国际先例一致。2022年,印度对加密货币收益征收30%的税,并对所有交易引入1%的预扣税。这导致WazirX和CoinDCX等主要平台的交易量下降了10%至70%。同样,在2023年引入高税率后,印度尼西亚的交易量同比下跌了约60%。

尽管韩国提议的税率不那么激进,但这些例子表明,本地交易所的交易量可能下降超过20%,同时资金可能转向离岸平台。

2.2. 加密货币ETF的引入

韩国总统选举后全球加密货币市场的四大变化

来源:Tiger Research

  • 李在明(民主党):5月6日,李在明通过Facebook宣布支持现货加密货币ETF,作为其支持青年资产形成更广泛倡议的一部分。他还提议降低投资费用以提高可及性。

  • 金武星(国民力量党):4月27日,他表达了允许公共机构投资加密货币市场的开放态度。他的十项核心政策承诺包括在“中产阶级财富扩张”的旗帜下引入现货加密货币ETF。

  • 李俊锡(改革党):5月20日,李俊锡通过其YouTube频道提议,政府应通过ETF等工具持有比特币作为国家战略储备。

引入现货加密货币ETF是领先候选人之间唯一达成跨党派共识的政策提案,这使其成为最有可能在短期内实现的成果之一。政策讨论预计将在选举结束后不久认真展开。

如果现货ETF得以引入,它们自然会与现有的、促进比特币现货交易的交易所展开费用竞争。这将促进更健康的市场动态并提高整体服务质量。对于投资者,特别是投资组合规模较小的投资者而言,更低的费用可以降低准入门槛并提高可及性。

从长远来看,现货ETF的推出可能成为进一步金融创新的催化剂。它可能为整合加密货币与传统金融的新产品铺平道路,例如衍生品、指数基金和其他混合投资工具。

2.3. 重新审视“一交易所一银行”模式

为管理加密货币领域的反洗钱(AML)风险,韩国一直维持着隐含的“一交易所一银行”原则。在该模式下,每个获得许可的加密货币交易所仅被允许与一家商业银行合作,以发行实名验证存款账户。例如,Upbit仅与K-Bank合作,而Bithumb则与KB国民银行挂钩。

这一框架与美国等司法管辖区形成对比,在那些地方,像Coinbase这样的平台提供与多种金融服务的整合,包括Apple Pay、Google Pay以及各种银行机构。

在国民力量党议员政策讨论会上,友利银行行长郑镇完(Jeong Jin-wan)提出该问题后,关于废除“一交易所一银行”原则的争论开始升温。他认为当前结构存在系统性风险、限制了消费者选择,并对企业客户施加了不必要的限制。郑呼吁转向“一交易所多银行”模式。

随着总统竞选活动的展开,各政党开始表明立场。4月28日,国民力量党将废除“一交易所一银行”规则纳入其“七大数字资产承诺”。民主党似乎也在内部审查此事。然而,此后民主党内部出现了谨慎态度,目前尚不清楚该问题是否会反映在正式的竞选承诺中。金融监管机构同样保持谨慎立场,表明任何改变都可能需要长期审议。

尽管监管审慎是必要的,但基于对市场集中度和反洗钱风险的担忧而维持现行模式可能需要重新考虑。认为该规则能防止市场垄断的观点越来越缺乏说服力,因为Upbit和Bithumb已经控制了约97%的国内市场。允许多家银行合作可以通过使交易所能够服务更广泛的用户群体来加强竞争。这可能为零售和机构用户带来更低的费用和更具创新性的服务。

对反洗钱风险的担忧也需要更细致的评估。实际上,更大的风险发生在向海外交易所的外转过程中。自《旅行规则》(Travel Rule)实施和合规基础设施改进以来,韩国现在在更严格的国际监控标准下运作。在此背景下,允许多重银行关系带来的系统性风险似乎被夸大了。

2.4. 韩元稳定币

历史上,韩国一直优先发展中央银行数字货币(CBDC),而非稳定币。韩国银行(Bank of Korea)目前正在进行一个名为“汉江项目”(Project Han-Gang)的试点计划,以测试基于CBDC的支付和结算系统。然而,随着全球趋势转向稳定币,对韩元稳定币的国内需求正在增长。

韩国总统选举后全球加密货币市场的四大变化

来源:第21届总统辩论:第一场总统辩论 
  • 李在明(民主党):

    • 5月8日:在一次经济YouTube访谈中表示,基于韩元的稳定币可以通过创造国内替代品来防止资本外逃。

    • 5月18日:在电视辩论中强调,韩元稳定币将由抵押储备支持,以确保稳定性。

  • 李俊锡(改革党):

    • 5月18日:质疑李在明提案的可行性,理由是在稳定币发行中反洗钱措施缺乏明确性。

  • 金武星(国民力量党):

    • 4月28日:在其“七大数字资产承诺”中包含了稳定币的监管框架。

5月18日的首场总统辩论通过李在明和李俊锡之间的交锋,将稳定币引入了主流政治话语。虽然讨论显示出方向性的支持,但也突显了详细政策框架的缺乏——尤其是在风险缓解和合规方面。

在现阶段,关于韩元稳定币的提案仍然是愿景性的,而非可操作性的。选举后立即实施的可能性不大。然而,考虑到区域趋势——尤其是在新加坡和香港,当局正积极发展与本地货币挂钩的稳定币——韩国可能面临越来越大的压力需要跟进,以保持其作为金融中心的竞争力。

任何有意义的进展都需要一个基础性的法律和监管框架。关键问题包括确定合格的发行方、确保抵押品透明度、建立反洗钱协议以及界定稳定币与CBDC计划之间的关系。鉴于这些问题的复杂性,政策发展预计将采取分阶段的中长期方式推进,而非在选举后迅速改变。

3. 渐进但不可避免:即将到来的变化

虽然所讨论的政策转变对该行业意义重大,但它们不太可能在短期内实现。在主要总统候选人中,只有金武星(Kim Moon-soo)将Web3相关措施列入了其十大竞选承诺。这表明,尽管与行业相关,但Web3问题在当前更广泛的政策议程中并未被优先考虑。

因此,监管变革预计将逐步推进,讨论可能会与更紧迫的政策事项并行进行。然而,轨迹是明确的:转型是不可避免的。

如前所述,加密货币征税的最终实施是不可避免的。此外,围绕证券型代币发行(STO)的立法讨论预计将恢复。对于投资者和市场参与者而言,不应低估这些转变。利益相关者必须开始为一个将日益规范化、合规化的政策环境做准备。

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