简析NFT抵押借贷的三种模式:点对点、资金池和中心化模式

区块律动Publicado em 2022-02-25Última atualização em 2022-03-03

Resumo

短期内NFT借贷会是小众赛道,以面向头部/蓝筹NFT持有者为主。

(恍惚间,2020 的 DeFi 之夏已经过去十多个月。作为 DeFi 借贷「白马股」Aave 的市值排名已悄然降到 61 位,而 Compound 更是跌落在 100 名开外,不禁感到有些出乎意料。)
说回抵押借贷,对于 NFT 而言,抵押显然需要承担一定的流动性成本:面对 Token 上涨,无法出售并获利;面对 Token 下跌,只能被动持有。
而对于长持头部 NFT 项目(如 CryptoPunks 和 BAYC 等)的机构或核心玩家来说,也许本就没有出售的意图,因此在需要资产变现时,抵押借贷是值得考虑的选择。而头部 NFT 的价格也相对稳定。
进一步来说,出于投机目的,散户手中的 NFT 可能存在频繁买卖换手,并且 NFT 的总价值整体不高,相对而言不适合进行抵押。
因此,认为短期内 NFT 借贷会是小众赛道,以面向头部/蓝筹 NFT 持有者为主。
三类项目
点对点模式

模式


在 DeFi 借贷中,Aave 的前身 Ethlend 采用的就是点对点模式。
Arcade 与之类似,其 AssetWrapper 合约支持打包抵押 ERC721、ERC1155、ERC20 资产,随后将生成 wNFT。借方设置借款额、偿还金额、币种及时间后,将 wNFT 抵押,之后则等待贷方匹配订单。Arcade 在未来的版本中将添加分期还款的模式。
需要注意的是,Arcade 不设置自动清算,如果发生违约情况,在贷方 claim 抵押品之前,借方仍然可以偿还贷款。
对于点对点的平台来说,借贷需求能否及时得到响应,与平台的用户体验直接相关。Arcade 的平台数据中暂未提供匹配的平均等待时间。据团队成员所说,BAYC 和 CryptoPunks 地板价的借贷请求基本能够实现即时响应。
另外,NFT 与 FT 的不同之处也在于,同系列的 NFT 各不相同,贷方难以对稀有度高的 NFT 进行评估,或是借贷双方对抵押品的估值产生分歧,增加了借贷的不确定性。
目前 Arcade 的平台总贷款额来到了 950 万美元,支持 49 个 NFT Collection。去年 12 月底,Arcade 拿到了 1,500 万美元的 A 轮融资,由 Pantera Capital 领投。
资金池模式

模式


第二类是与 Aave、Compound 近似的资金池模式,例如 Drops DAO。
这种模式下,贷款没有到期日,利率根据资产的利用率计算得出。NFT 的实时价格采用预言机进行报价。
有关点对点模式和资金池模式的优缺比较,Dyo Hu 在这篇文章中有更为详细的阐述。
对于稀有度高的 NFT,在资金池中的价值实际上被稀释,使得这部分 NFT 的贷款价值比不划算。
整体而言,资金池模式较为复杂,存在价格被恶意操控和连环清算的可能性。在 NFT 市场整体流动性一般的情况下,有着较高的系统性风险。在去中心化 NFT 借贷的发展初期,点对点模式相对更稳定可靠。
中心化模式

模式


去年年底,数字资产金融服务机构 Nexo 与三箭合作,推出了中心化的 NFT 借贷业务。交易所 Kraken 也计划推出相同业务。
Nexo 提供的相当于 OTC 服务,需要填写简单的 KYC 申请表。目前仅支持 BAYC 与 CryptoPunks 作为抵押品,抵押的 NFT 价值必须超过 50 万美元,年化借贷利率约为 15%,贷款价值比在 10% - 20% 之间,即价值 50 万美元的 NFT 可以获得 5 万 - 10 万美元的贷款。
中心化的 NFT 借贷模式适宜机构采用,而对于 Crypto OG 来说可能显得不那么 native。
Closing Thoughts
类比看看现实中的艺术品市场,受疫情影响,2020 年的全球艺术品交易额较上年下跌 22%,仍超 500 亿美元——仅从数字上看,艺术品抵押似乎有不错的市场。
然而,艺术品(这里包括古董)的鉴定本身众说纷纭、缺乏权威担保,估值困难;并且因为缺乏流动性,即便清算后,抵押品能否变现脱手也是未知数。为了弥补这部分的风险敞口,传统典当行压价严重,往往只提供非常小的贷款价值比。
说回 NFT,与传统艺术品相比较,NFT 的真假鉴定只需要检查合约地址;估值有同系列 NFT 的地板价作参考;线上交易的形式使得变现也相对容易。在技术面和可操作性上,NFT 借贷面临的问题相对更少。
近期的 Azuki 很快跻身 OpenSea NFT 交易量第 8 位,类似的蓝筹在未来也许会更多地涌现。以 CryptoPunks 和 BAYC 为代表的头部 NFT、以 Doodles 和 Azuki 为代表的蓝筹,以及 Sandbox 和 Decentraland 的地块,在未来会率先成为 NFT 借贷的主打标的。

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