WBTC商业模式和安全模型解读 未来方向在哪里

币界网Publicado em 2024-08-12Última atualização em 2024-08-12

币界网报道:

作者:Kevin He,Bitlayer联合创始人

背景

近期,BitGo关于WBTC项目控制权转移的社区讨论和关注度十分广泛。

作者在构建区块链基础设施方面拥有丰富的经验,曾亲自开发过中心化包装代币系统和基于 MPC 的托管平台,目前正致力于构建比特币原生验证能力。

在本文中,作者将回顾事件,涵盖多方行动和反馈以呈现事实。作者根据系统开发的实践经验,抽象出了一种针对包装 BTC 产品的简单架构和安全模型。随后,作者根据去信任化程度对不同的技术方案进行了分类,指出基于比特币原生验证能力的技术方案代表了未来的方向。

事件回顾

参与方

WBTC :WBTC 已包装超过 15万枚BTC(价值超过 90 亿美元),并在其网站上展示了储备证明。

Bitgo(WBTC 控制者):宣布 WBTC 项目的控制权将在 60 天内从 BitGo 转移到与 Justin Sun 的 BiT Global 相关的机构。

相关方

MakerDAO (DAI) 风险管理团队Block Analitica:对控制权转移表示担忧,并指出 WBTC 构成风险,导致他们减少在相关协议中的风险敞口。

孙宇晨(WBTC 新任控制人):承诺不动BitGo储备。

第三方:

Weidai (VC):建议验证桥会是一个更好的解决方案。

刘峰 (媒体):质疑BiT Global的资质。

Wrapped BTC的商业模式

Wrapped BTC的商业模式比较简单,如下图所示:

Wrap:

代表从 BTC 到 W-BTC 的转换。

Wrap-house:

代表包装的运行机制,确保用户存入的 BTC 在账本(通常是其他区块链,比如 ETH)上被铸造成对应的 W-BTC,不多也不少。

Unwrap:代表从 W-BTC 到 BTC 的转换。

Unwrap-house:

代表解包装的运行机制,确保用户销毁 W-BTC 后,有机制可以让其在比特币网络上获得 BTC,不多也不少。

去信任程度对比

上面提到的商业和技术模型的对比,可以从多个维度进行,下面笔者将从包装和解包装两个角度来对比无需信任程度。

没有无需信任

一个典型的例子就是目前 BitGO 的 WBTC,包装和解包装的运营都由 BitGo Custody 掌控。

显而易见的是,用户需要信任BitGo托管服务商始终能够正确运行。

单向无需信任

接下来我们来看看2020年左右出现的两个代表性项目:tBTC/renBTC。

我们可以看到在X链上(例如具备完整验证能力,比如有EVM),wrap-house可以更容易实现高水平的无需信任化,但由于当时技术限制,unwrap-house只能通过门限签名来增强安全性,与预签名的程度无关。

双向无需信任

快进到2024年,得益于BitVM/Starkware等团队在比特币原生验证能力(包括欺诈性证明和有效性证明)方面的开创性尝试,以及BitlayerLabs等社区团队的切实落地,unwrap-house有望实现无需信任。

其中欺诈性证明以BitVM及其衍生项目为代表,实现了无需OP_CAT的乐观验证,主流实现是使用零知识验证的承诺和挑战过程。

有效性证明则假设OP_CAT操作码的存在,直接实现零知识验证,有了OP_CAT,锁定的BTC将受到所谓的契约(类似合约的结构)的控制。

方案对比总结

对上述各种技术方案进行横向对比可以发现,基于比特币验证能力(validation)的解决方案在双向的无需信任化方面表现更佳。

结论

2018 年 WBTC 的出现,标志着将 BTC 流动性带入 DeFi 世界的开始。后续 2020 年的 tBTC 项目做了一些优化和改进。

以比特币原生验证能力(欺诈证明和有效性证明)为代表的验证技术方案在双向无需信任方面会表现得更好。

WBTC,是时候升级技术方案了!

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