普京签署加密货币挖矿合法化法律:俄罗斯将重新定义挖矿行业?

币界网Publicado em 2024-08-10Última atualização em 2024-08-10

币界网报道:

作者:Chloe,PANews

根据塔斯社报道,俄罗斯总统普京签署了一项法案,旨在让俄罗斯的加密货币挖矿合法化,标誌着俄罗斯对数字货币立场的历史性转变。

在一次经济会议上普京与内阁讨论了关于数字货币的引入和使用问题。他指出,这是现代经济走向前景的方向,对俄罗斯来说,"不错过时机"很重要,要及时调整法律基础和监管方针,发展基础设施,为数字资产流通创造条件。

挖矿在俄罗斯被重新定义为一种经济活动

而这项被普京签署的法律为俄罗斯引入了新的概念:数字货币挖矿、挖矿池、挖矿基础设施运营商和组织挖矿池活动的人。

特别的是,挖矿在该法律中被认为是流通的组成部分,而不是数字货币的发行,传统观点上看通常会将加密货币挖矿视为"发行"新的数字货币,因为挖矿过程会产生新的加密货币单位,但俄罗斯新法律将挖矿定义为"流通的一部分",而非"发行"。 这种定义的含义将挖矿视为一种经济活动,而不是铸造货币的行为。

除此之外,只有被列入相应登记册的俄罗斯法人和个体企业家才有权进行挖矿,以及不超过俄罗斯政府规定能源消耗限制的自然人,将有权进行数字货币挖矿而无需纳入登记册,未来内阁部长将会为该行业的个人和企业设定具体要求。

回朔到一个月前,普京认为,俄罗斯境内的加密货币挖矿活动每年消耗的电力已经达到警戒状态,挖矿活动整体占据该国总电力消耗的 1.5%,且也因为俄罗斯的低电价和挖矿设备的使用、取得便利性,这趋势势必会持续上升。

当时普京称比特币和其他加密挖矿设施不受控制的电力消耗,已经导致布里亚特共和国、伊尔库茨克地区和贝加尔湖边疆区等地区有电力短缺的状况出现。"这个问题非常严重,将会带给企业与居民无法设想的后果,甚至可能会让国家投资和基础设施项目停滞。"

不过这不代表普京不看好数字货币,先前普京也强调过俄罗斯必须更广泛及全面地实施其央行数位货币(CBDC),也就是数字卢布。且当时针对加密货币挖矿业务,俄罗斯立法者也持续在拟定立法草案,直至 8 月 8 日普京签署将加密货币挖矿合法化的法律条文,而该文件将在官方公布后十天生效。

国外发行的数字资产如何在俄罗斯境内合法流通?

除此之外,普京签署的这项法律也禁止利用数字货币进行洗钱等不法活动。因此,矿工现在将会被要求报告他们获取数字货币的方法,并向政府机构提供必要的身份识别,且俄罗斯的金融监管机构 Rosfinmonitoring 将保留一份涉嫌参与洗钱或恐怖主义融资的用户记录。

值得一提的是,该法案最初提议出来是禁止挖掘的货币在俄罗斯境内流通。然而,在第二次立法议论后,这项规定被修改为允许在俄罗斯的区块链平台上交易数字金融资产(DFA),也就是俄罗斯中央银行仍保留禁止政府以外的单位发行货币的权力,如果它们对国家的金融稳定构成风险。

另外,根据新法,国外发行的数字资产(如数字代币或加密资产)可以在俄罗斯境内合法流通,但需要满足以下条件:第一,这些外国数字资产必须经过俄罗斯授权的信息系统运营商的评估和分类,第二,信息系统运营商需要确认这些国外数字资产符合俄罗斯对数字权利的定义和监管要求,第三,如果国外数字资产通过了评估和分类过程,它们就会被认定为等同于俄罗斯本土发行的数字权利。

而一旦获得认可,这些国外数字资产就可以在俄罗斯境内合法交易和使用,享有与本土数字资产相同的法律地位。

最后,有经济犯罪、公务人员犯罪或严重故意犯罪前科的个人被禁止从事挖矿活动。这一限制也适用于参与极端主义活动或资产被冻结或封锁的人。如果公司的创始人不符合所需的商业诚信标准,他们也会被禁止参与挖矿。

在这场与内阁的经济会议中,普京也强调了与某些地区挖矿操作相关的电力消耗上升的担忧,因此为解决这些问题,该立法授予政府在特定地区限制挖矿活动的权力,并禁止将挖矿与电力行业整合。

俄罗斯或借加密货币绕开西方二级制裁

由于美国经济强劲、货币政策收紧,加上地缘政治风险加剧,美元的主导地位并没有因为虚拟货币出现而被削弱,根据美国大西洋理事会地缘经济中心(Atlantic Council's GeoEconomics Center)公布的最新研究,美元如今约占所有货币交易的 90%,不仅如此,近年几乎全部的石油交易都是以美元进行,美元作为全球最主要储备货币地位依旧无可动摇,虽然因经济分化加强了金砖国家转向其他储备货币的动力,但依旧无法减少全球对美元的依赖。

金砖国家(巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非等)所组成的新兴经济体不断扩大,他们一直以来都在致力于减少在国际贸易中对美元的依赖,同时也促使了这些国家转向其他国际货币和加深储备货币的动力。

而先前美国财政部长 Janet Yellen 表达了对俄罗斯使用加密货币逃避制裁的担忧。Yellen 在众议院指出虽然现在这可能不是一个重大问题,但随着制裁的加强,俄罗斯藉加密货币绕开西方制裁情形会变得更加严重。Yellen 并补充说:“稳定币没有什么特别的优势,因爲它稳定所以不能通过持有它来赚钱,而且它通常不附带利息,它唯一优势是逃避美国的制裁和其他法律,包括税法。

俄罗斯央行先前已经建议企业使用加密货币和数字资产来减轻乌克兰冲突后西方制裁的影响,俄罗斯央行行长 Elvira Nabiullina 承认,支付问题对俄罗斯经济非常重要并强调新金融技术是非常有潜力的作用。“新金融技术爲这些问题创造了机会,这就是爲什么我国放宽了对在国际支付中使用加密货币的立场,允许在此类支付中使用数字资产。”Nabiullina 说道。

萨尔瓦多提议在与俄罗斯的贸易中,使用加密货币进行支付

除此之外,就在上个月萨尔瓦多向俄罗斯提出了使用数字货币作为两国贸易媒介的建议。“目前俄罗斯在国际上交易还是非常有挑战性,因为萨尔瓦多的官方货币是美元,作为替代方案,萨尔瓦多建议使用加密货币进行贸易交易” 俄罗斯驻萨尔瓦多办事处负责人 Alexander Ilyukhin 说道。

不仅如此,萨尔瓦多正在考虑申请加入金砖国家的行列,以进一步促进整体经济发展。Ilyukhin 也担忧,该计划执行恐怕很有挑战性,因为比特币在俄罗斯的使用并不像在拉丁美洲那么广泛。

但两国仍在寻找其他方式来加强贸易,因为两国都希望继续保持经济联盟,俄罗斯和萨尔瓦多考虑的其中一个选择是在萨尔瓦多设立一家银行,支持印度卢比、俄罗斯卢布和中国人民币等不同货币的交易。

为规避入侵乌克兰后面临的西方制裁,俄罗斯国会 7 月 30 日立法允许企业在国际贸易中使用加密货币,而该法将在 9 月生效,以解决国际支付延迟问题,尤其是与中国、印度和阿拉伯联合大公国等主要贸易伙伴的支付延迟问题,付款延迟导致俄罗斯今第二季进口下降 8%,随着西方二级制裁的风险增加,使得俄罗斯进口商品的支付系统变得极为困难。

如今,俄罗斯正逐步铺平加密货币交易的道路以缓解西方制裁带来的经济挑战,确保国际贸易更加顺畅。俄罗斯下院议长 Anatoly Aksakov 表示,俄罗斯在金融领域做出了历史性决定。

Leituras Relacionadas

Alliance Co-founder's Letter to Entrepreneurs: Written at the Moment Cursor Sold for $600 Billion

Alliance Co-founder's Letter to Entrepreneurs: On Cursor's $60 Billion Sale Many aspiring founders see massive exits like Cursor's $60B sale and wonder why they can't achieve the same, often concluding opportunities are exhausted. But great companies aren't built in obvious, crowded spaces. Cursor, like Stripe, Figma, and Shopify before it, started with a non-consensus belief about the future. Before ChatGPT, they believed AI would transform knowledge work. They focused on a genuinely exciting domain, became their own customer, and obsessed over power users. Their journey involved years of "glass-chewing" effort before the market was ready. The pattern is consistent: identify a long-term technological shift, find a missed entry point, and execute for years before the trend becomes obvious. First-generation products (PayPal, Adobe, Amazon) prove a market exists. Second-generation winners (Stripe, Figma, Shopify) rebuild that market around new insights, technology, or changing customer behaviors. Founders must identify their phase in the cycle. Early entrants like Coinbase or Cursor focus on making new technology usable for power users. Later entrants find the "yin" to the established "yang"—the blind spots incumbents miss as they grow distant from individual users. The key is deep market immersion. Use every product in your space. Talk to users. Build an audience. Stop looking for ideas and start *seeing* them everywhere. Then, choose one. The idea must offer a 10x improvement or solve a "hair-on-fire" pain point—something severe enough that users are already crafting workarounds. When building, avoid feature bloat. Ask: why would someone switch? Great startups rarely force new behaviors; they improve familiar workflows with drastically lower friction (e.g., Cursor forked VS Code instead of creating a new editor). Distribution is the underestimated moat. Before product-market fit, achieve distribution-market fit. How do customers discover new tools? Founders like those at Airbnb, Stripe, and Cursor did unscalable, manual work to recruit early users. The final, unteachable ingredient is resilience. Cursor built for years pre-market, faced rejection, and persisted. So did Airbnb, Nvidia, and Rain (which launched post-FTX collapse). The lesson isn't that these founders were smarter, but that they stayed in the game long enough for their insights to compound. Framework: Spot technological cycles. Cultivate unique insight. Obsess over your market. Talk to customers. Find a hair-on-fire problem. Build the simplest wedge. Win your distribution channel. Above all, don't quit when it gets hard. Most people won't do these things consistently. The few who do build the next generation of great companies. Go build.

marsbitHá 3m

Alliance Co-founder's Letter to Entrepreneurs: Written at the Moment Cursor Sold for $600 Billion

marsbitHá 3m

Weekly Editor's Picks (0613-0619)

Weekly Editor's Picks (0613-0619): Market Insights & Analysis This weekly digest curates in-depth analysis often lost in the information flow, focusing on key insights across macro trends, investment, and technology. **Macro & Geopolitics:** With the Strait of Hormuz reopening and military conflict shifting to negotiation, markets are pivoting from "war shock" to "supply restoration." Trades include shorting crude risk premiums, longing airlines/tourism, Asian energy importers, and bond duration, while shorting inflation expectations. LNG, fertilizer, and chemical chains are also being repriced. **Investment & VC:** Ray Dalio advises against betting on concentrated AI giants dominating indices, advocating for diversified portfolios of high-quality, low-correlation assets instead. Analysis covers the 4-year crypto cycle, predicting the core surviving product by 2029 will be asset trading markets. Current BTC metrics suggest a potential bottoming zone, presenting a patient accumulation window. SpaceX's high-profile IPO at a $2.1T valuation faces scrutiny over fundamentals, with key watchpoints being its likely inclusion in the Nasdaq index and Q2 earnings. Concerns are raised about potential "gamma squeeze" and systemic risks if its narrative-driven valuation gets amplified by passive index funds. Robinhood (HOOD) is noted for breaking its high correlation with crypto, bolstered by its stock trading and new underwriting business. **Web3 & AI:** A warning highlights ~$1.8T in off-balance-sheet AI infrastructure commitments (purchase commitments, leases) as a potential systemic risk if AI monetization lags. AI models are being used for World Cup predictions, adding a new layer for betting markets. A cost breakdown of a $20 AI subscription reveals the supply chain from model companies to cloud, GPUs, and power. **Prediction Markets:** The emergence of prediction market "concept stocks" is noted, with Robinhood developing its own platform, Rothera, signaling a shift from market competition to a "channel war" for user access. **CeFi & DeFi:** The SpaceX IPO tested perpetual contract mechanisms for pre-IPO assets, highlighting challenges in handling corporate actions like stock splits on-chain. The de-pegging of STRC (Strategy's preferred share) to ~$89 reflects market concerns over MicroStrategy's capital structure and BTC-backed leverage model. BlackRock's covered-call Bitcoin ETF (BITA) offers yield but caps upside, appealing to yield-seeking institutions. **Ethereum:** An opinion piece argues Ethereum's core strength is its vast developer community and composability, solidifying its role as the default operating system for the financial internet. **Weekly Hot Topics:** Include the US-Iran deal reopening the Strait of Hormuz, Fed's hawkish hold, Anthropic restricting model access, SpaceX acquiring Cursor, and a humorous stock surge for "Liuliumei" due to its "LLM" ticker.

marsbitHá 8m

Weekly Editor's Picks (0613-0619)

marsbitHá 8m

Alliance's Co-Founder's Letter to Entrepreneurs: Written on the Occasion of Cursor's $60 Billion Sale

In this letter to entrepreneurs, Alliance reflects on the success of Cursor's $60 billion sale to Elon Musk, using it as a case study to counter the misconception that opportunities in crowded fields like AI or crypto are exhausted. The piece argues that great companies like Cursor, Stripe, Figma, and Shopify are not built by geniuses with perfect ideas, but by founders who start with a non-consensus belief about the future and build for years before that future becomes obvious to everyone. They identify long-term shifts, find overlooked entry points, and execute relentlessly. The framework for success involves: 1. **Identifying your place in the technology cycle**: Early-stage opportunities focus on making new tech usable for power users (e.g., Coinbase, Cursor). Later-stage opportunities involve finding the "yin" to an existing "yang"—the blind spots of first-generation players (e.g., Stripe vs. PayPal, Figma vs. Adobe). 2. **Cultivating unique insights**: Immerse yourself deeply in the market. Use every product, talk to users, and build an audience. Insights will emerge naturally from deep engagement. 3. **Finding a "hair-on-fire" problem**: Look for a 10x improvement or a severe, urgent pain point. The strongest signal is people already building clumsy workarounds. 4. **Building a focused MVP**: Don't just add features because you can. Ask why users would abandon their current tool for yours. The best startups rarely force new behaviors; they improve familiar workflows with drastically lower friction. 5. **Winning a distribution channel**: Distribution is often the moat. Before product-market fit, achieve channel-market fit. Find where your customers are and build an engine to reach them, even through unscalable, manual efforts initially. 6. **Persistence**: The final, unteachable ingredient is resilience. Success stories like Cursor, Airbnb, and Nvidia involved years of grinding, rejection, and perseverance when the path forward seemed unclear. The conclusion is that there is no secret. Most people fail to consistently execute these steps over the long term. The few who do build the companies that define the next era. The world is yours to create.

链捕手Há 13m

Alliance's Co-Founder's Letter to Entrepreneurs: Written on the Occasion of Cursor's $60 Billion Sale

链捕手Há 13m

Crypto Miners' Big AI Gamble: Valuations Enter Differentiation Stage, Comeback Fight Proves Tough

Crypto Mining Firms' AI Bet: Valuation Divergence and a Challenging Transformation Facing declining profitability in crypto mining, mining companies are pivoting to AI infrastructure, capitalizing on their existing power resources, land, and data center expertise to offer GPU compute power. This transition narrative has boosted their stock prices significantly, with firms like Hut 8 and Bitfarms seeing gains over 100% year-to-date, far outpacing Bitcoin. This has led to a market valuation split, with pioneers like CoreWeave reaching a $62.8B market cap, while others remain below $5B. The market currently prioritizes growth potential over short-term profits, which remain under pressure due to heavy capital expenditures for AI build-outs and crypto asset volatility. However, the transformation is a high-stakes gamble. Bitcoin mining profitability is shrinking, with the average production cost around $63,707 and miner margins contracting. While AI offers a more lucrative long-term path, it requires massive investment—estimated at a $500B near-term funding gap. Success now hinges on execution: delivering on contracted power capacity, securing quality tenants like major cloud providers, and managing the immense financial burden. The valuation focus is shifting from mere power capacity to project delivery, future cash flows, and tenant quality, making this a difficult but critical turnaround attempt.

链捕手Há 22m

Crypto Miners' Big AI Gamble: Valuations Enter Differentiation Stage, Comeback Fight Proves Tough

链捕手Há 22m

Analysis of the Latest Portfolio Adjustment by the "Top Player" in the U.S. Stock Market: $9 Billion Short on NVIDIA, Shifting Focus to Power and Memory Sectors

AI investor Leopold Aschenbrenner has made a significant portfolio shift, taking a $9 billion nominal short position against top AI infrastructure stocks like NVIDIA, ASML, and Oracle. Simultaneously, he is redirecting capital towards what he sees as the next critical bottlenecks in the AI boom: power, memory, and data center networking, alongside private investments in AI model companies like Anthropic. This move is interpreted not as a call that the AI bubble has burst, but as a rotation within the infrastructure stack. The analysis highlights NVIDIA's recent $25 billion bond issuance as a potential signal, questioning why a cash-rich company would seek external debt despite high profits and increased dividends/buybacks. The core investment thesis is that the initial, crowded "picks and shovels" trade in semiconductors is maturing. The next wave of capital is expected to flow into the physical and logistical constraints of AI expansion: electricity supply, memory chip capacity, data center construction, and enabling technologies like optical networking (fiber) for high-bandwidth communication, where copper remains crucial for short distances. Aschenbrenner's substantial (approx. 20% of fund) private stake in Anthropic is noted as a key part of his strategy—investing directly in the "mine" (AI models) rather than just the "shovels." The discussion concludes that while certain segments may be overvalued, the overarching AI infrastructure demand driven by real product usage remains robust. The most promising long-term investments are seen in essential, non-sexy infrastructure—particularly energy and power companies—whose demand is viewed as a global constant irrespective of AI's cyclicality.

marsbitHá 43m

Analysis of the Latest Portfolio Adjustment by the "Top Player" in the U.S. Stock Market: $9 Billion Short on NVIDIA, Shifting Focus to Power and Memory Sectors

marsbitHá 43m

Trading

Spot
Futuros
活动图片