Web3律师:TON生态“换皮游戏”不断,链游开发如何合规赚钱?

Odaily星球日报Publicado em 2024-08-04Última atualização em 2024-08-04

Resumo

1个月就能上线热门TON生态游戏?

TON 生态的链游市场,就像一场五彩斑斓的烟花秀。自 Notcoin 爆火之后,TON 生态上的「Tap to Earn」类项目获得了大量关注。例如,最近火热的 Hamster Kombat 和 Catizen,它们通过简单的点击操作,让玩家能够轻松赚取收益。数据显示,Hamster Kombat 的 X 账号粉丝达到了 1060 万人,Telegram 频道关注者超过了 4600 万人;Catizen 的 X 账号粉丝达到了 173.3 万人,Telegram 频道关注者也超过了 450 万人。

Web3律师:TON生态“换皮游戏”不断,链游开发如何合规赚钱?

*图源:TON APP 截图

但是,在这火爆现象的背后,难免让人产生疑问:这一类 Tap to Earn 的链游,在本质上似乎并没有什么差别,仅仅是换了个故事情节。并且,曼昆律师观察到,随着链游市场的扩张,这类快速复制的开发模式也变得越来越常见,链游开发者频繁地使用现有的游戏框架进行修改和包装。对这类模式,曼昆律师起了个昵称,叫做“换皮链游”。

何为“换皮链游”?

曼昆律师认为通过快速复制即可完成开发的链游,或许都能够被称为“换皮”链游。这样做有很多好处,比如开发成本低、速度快,使得 GameFi 开发者能够迅速响应市场变化,快速进入、占领市场。

具体来说,根据复制的环节不同,这些链游可以分为两大类:

  • 第一类就是在现有比较热门的链游机制或是概念的基础上,通过更换游戏 UI、故事情节等元素发行的新Web3游戏。

  • 第二类是通过将Web2游戏进行上链,对原本游戏的内容、机制等照搬,仅更改游戏中代币的模式,从而打造一套Web3经济体系。比如 TON 生态中的《Travel frog》,链游版《旅行青蛙》。

Web3律师:TON生态“换皮游戏”不断,链游开发如何合规赚钱?

它基本将Web2版本的《旅行青蛙》移植到了Web3,包括游戏美术、音乐、内容、机制,差异点在于玩家在游戏中赚取的三叶草后期可以兑换成 TON。这样类型的移植链游,一方面可以吸引到原有Web2游戏社区的玩家,另一方面在有更大粉丝基础的情况下,增加游戏内经济变现,也当然会有更多人愿意“买单”。

不过,此类链游让曼昆律师想起,之前微信小程序游戏《羊了个羊》大热后,有号称是“由羊了个羊开发商原程序员开发”的“链游版《羊了个羊》横空出世,在保留原有玩法精髓的基础上加入了“代币经济”和“NFT”等加密货币概念。

Web3律师:TON生态“换皮游戏”不断,链游开发如何合规赚钱?

起初,玩家的热情空前高涨,几天内 YLFY 代币价值暴涨 80% 。然而,当《羊了个羊》小游戏开发商北京简游科技有限公司发布公告,否认与链游版《羊了个羊》有关后,链游版《羊了个羊》便无法再打开。项目方“连夜跑路”,YLGY 代币在一周内暴跌已近“归零”,在短短的时间内走出了“过山车”式的行情。

诚然,这样喜闻乐见的玩法确实可以吸引到更多玩家,然而,目前来看,这一玩法明显是项目方的一场“骗局”,从项目方发行的代币价格曲线观察,ICO 才是其真正获利的方式。在社交媒体上,有多人都表示期待先参与该项目的预售,然后在该项目上线后立刻抛售,以赚取其中的差价。但除项目方和最早出手的人外,后续购买该代币的用户只能沦为“接盘侠”。

链游常见法律问题

可以看到,上述案例暴露了目前“GameFi”领域的鱼龙混杂,有不少人打着“区块链游戏”的名义行割韭菜之实。所以尽管这些换皮链游在短时间内可以吸引到大量的关注与流量,但链游创业者也要警惕繁荣背后的弊病。

市场角度来看,这一类链游虽然可以快速上线,但因为缺乏创新,往往很难维持长久的用户粘性,生命周期不长。玩家对那些重复性高、缺乏新意的游戏很快就会感到厌倦,结果就是用户流失。而且,大量类似换皮链游进入市场后,竞争变得更为激烈。

与此同时,不管此类链游项目在什么国家或地区开发与运营,还要考虑以下法律以及合规问题。

民事层面来说,如果游戏中的角色设计、场景界面、剧情对话、音乐音效与其他游戏过于相似,可能会侵犯著作权;同样,擅自使用其他游戏相似的名称、标志或服务标记,可能构成商标侵权。如果原游戏拥有相关的发明专利,如游戏机制、算法等,新开发的链游在未经授权的情况下使用这些技术,可能构成专利侵权。这些场景其实和Web2游戏的知产侵权本质是一样的,例如此前《全民枪战》因抄袭《穿越火线》的游戏地图被法院判赔。退一步说,即使新开发的链游在法律上不构成著作权或商标侵权,如果其行为违反了公平竞争的原则,如通过模仿原游戏的宣传材料或游戏玩法误导消费者,也可能构成不正当竞争。

当然,刑事层面更值得链游开发者注意。介于大部分链游都为出海团队开发,所以曼昆律师梳理了链游常见刑事问题:

  • 如果这类游戏通过虚假宣传、误导性广告来吸引玩家投资或购买游戏内物品以达成非法目的,可能涉诈;

  • 如果以游戏为幌子,通过承诺高额回报吸引玩家投资,而背后缺乏合法的商业运营或合理的回报机制,可能构成非法集资罪。依据相关法律规定,非法集资的组织者和领导者可能面临较重的刑事责任;

  • 如果游戏内允许玩家通过真实货币或加密货币进行投注,并且游戏结果具有不确定性,或是游戏内物品可以兑换成现实世界的货币或物品,可能涉赌。此前曼昆律师专门写过一篇《GameFi 如何避免涉赌的文章》,详细阐述了链游涉赌判定。

  • 此外,游戏平台也可能被用作掩盖或转移非法所得的工具,根据《反洗钱法》,如果游戏内交易被用来隐藏非法资金的来源和流向,涉事人员可能会因洗钱罪被追究刑事责任。

曼昆律师合规建议

如何规避这类合规问题,才是链游开发者应当着重考虑的方向。曼昆律师着重作出以下几点建议:

  • 原创开发。鼓励原创内容的开发,避免过度模仿或复制现有游戏的核心元素,包括但不限于游戏代码、美术资源、音乐、故事情节等。如果需要使用第三方知识产权,应通过合法途径获取授权。可以考虑建立一个内部知识产权数据库,以跟踪和管理所有使用的资产和相关的授权信息。同时,保留详尽的开发文档记录,包括设计决策、来源材料和授权信息,以备未来法律审查或侵权索赔时使用。

  • 透明宣传。提供真实、准确的游戏宣传材料,避免虚假宣传和误导性广告。明确告知玩家游戏的规则玩法、收费模式和用户协议。可以制定标准化的广告和营销模板,确保所有宣传材料都符合广告法和消费者保护法的要求,避免使用可能引起误解的表述。需要对营销团队进行定期的法律和合规培训,强化对虚假宣传和误导性广告的认识。

  • 履行适当监管义务。在游戏显著页面标注禁赌等提示,增加娱乐性描述,并就社区社群的言论及动态加以监管。建议建立一个用户可访问的合规报告系统,允许玩家报告可疑活动和不当行为,既能彰显去中心化,也能加强社区自我管理。

  • 避免代币融资。避免通过代币发行(ICO)进行融资,可以探索多种融资途径,例如风险投资、天使投资者或政府补助,以减少对 ICO 依赖并降低法律风险。在考虑任何形式的融资前,需要对项目进行详细的法律和财务审查,确保所有资金筹集活动符合现行金融监管法规。

  • 多角度设计降低风险。设计合规的游戏内经济系统以及运营活动,避免涉及非法集资、诈骗或赌博等违法行为。建立一个全面的风险评估机制,定期评估游戏设计和操作中的潜在法律风险。同时设计应急预案,包括法律纠纷处理和突发公关事件的快速响应计划。

  • 法律咨询。在项目启动前咨询专业律师,确保所有操作符合项目所在地及用户当地的法律法规。建议与专业法律团队建立长期合作关系,确保能够随时获得关于新兴法律问题和政策变动的专业建议。

结语

总的来说,换皮游戏的存在反映了 GameFi 乃至Web3行业对快速开发和市场反应的需求。尽管目前,整个行业还处于起步阶段,但曼昆律师依然希望链游开发者可以在利用这种策略的同时,考虑所在地相关法律法规的遵守,确保整个行业的向上合规发展。基于此,链游开发者才能保护自己,还能为玩家提供更公正、更安全的游戏环境,更能在充满竞争的市场中长期存活并获得成功。

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