放弃Layer2的定义:Vitalik对以太坊扩容方案的新思考

Odaily星球日报Publicado em 2024-01-17Última atualização em 2024-01-17

Resumo

以太坊始终「定义」着一切。

原文作者:Haotian

就在大家争论以太坊「DA 正统性」时  @VitalikButerin 他们都在讨论放弃 layer 2 的定义了。

确实,layer 2 的命名很容易直接对应 Rollup,而既然是 Rollup,DA 不在主网被质疑不是以太坊 layer 2 也 Make Sense。

因为以太坊的扩容方案,有 Plasma、Rollup、Validium 等多种:

Plasma 严格限制了 DA 必须在主网;Rollup 相对宽泛了,可以主网全部 DA 也可以混合 DA,比如,ZK-Rollup 大多会把数据压缩备份到链上,在链下环境计算最终把状态基于 ZK 同步到链上;Validium 就更灵活了,DA 完全在链下,只需要计算结束向主网提交 SNARK 证明确保数据一致性即可。

其实,这几种扩容方案,都是安全性、去中心化、可扩展性这三个不可能三角问题均衡的结果。

从扩容角度而言,各有优劣,比如 Plasma 适合做安全性保障的二层支付解决方案,Validium 适合做扩展性更高的独立应用链,Rollup 能成为主流恰恰是因为取了一个折中 Tradeoff。

所以 Vitalik 才认为 layer 2 的定义过于狭窄了,可以基于 Security 或 Scale 偏好分成 Strong L2 和 Light L2,只有这样,layer 2 行业才不会受限于 Rollup,一些 Plasma、Validium 等扩容方案也才会停留在公众视野。

那么问题来了,只让 layer 2 保留 Rollup 不可以吗? Vitalik 也给出了解释(点评 Vitalik 提到的 4 个 point):

1)Validium 比某些用多签治理的 Rollups 安全性要好,这其实暗指如果一个扩容方案采用链下 DA 但是结果以 SNARK 形式同步到主网,主网可以追溯并且确保数据的完整性和正确性。

这种级别的安全相比要靠多签治理委员会才能保证的 Rollup 方案,其实 Validium 更佳。虽然 Rollup 更受欢迎,但如果只靠 multisigs 来确保安全性,也是不被认可的;这是在暗指 Rollup 项目要尽快弥补主网 Rollup 方案依赖多签安全保障的缺陷。

2)严格的 Rollups 方案安全性会比 Validium 更好,这其实是在说 Rollup 能保证数据的链上可用性和完整性,以太坊 Validators 有能力验证并确保安全,这和 Validium 这种依赖链外安全机制的方式,安全性更直接且纯粹。

也正是因为这一点,大家过于关注 Rollup 导致 Validium 显得不合法了;这似乎是在强调 Validium 的合法性。

3) 链上 SNARKs+ 链下 Data 安全性要优于纯链上欺诈证明 + 链下数据,因为链上 SNARKs 至少能确保链下数据的一致性和完整性,如果链下做一套数据,仅仅靠链上欺诈证明挑战,在实际应用场景下,前者要比后者更安全。

这其实在批判一些数据在链下,靠链上欺诈证明的方案。庆幸这类方案并不多见,大部分采用链上欺诈证明的数据也都在链上;

4)最后 Vitalik 还特别强调了,Rollups 不等于 Layer 2 ,暗指 Plasma 和 Validium 等方向机会也会很多,不能让 layer 2 局限在 Rollup 层面,如果不行就撤销 layer 2 的定义。

在我看来,Vitalik 这样站出来来剥离 Rollup 和 Layer 2 的定义是明智的,因为一旦大家认知中的 layer 2 成了 Rollup,面对 Celestia 这类第三方 DA 的入侵,以太坊会陷入被动。

这下把概念先从高度打开,开发者想用 Celestia 这种第三方 DA 没问题,那你如果 SNARKs 到主网的话,就是以太坊的 Validium 扩容方案,此外开发者还可以基于 ZK+Plasma 做更广阔的扩容方案探索。不管市场怎么变,以太坊始终「定义」着一切。

不难看出,以太坊的乐高大厦,完全靠 Vitalik 高屋建瓴的前瞻思想支撑着啊!

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