鲍威尔讲话意外“放鹰”,3月加息50个基点的预期升破50%

比推Publicado em 2023-03-08Última atualização em 2023-03-08

Resumo

美央行主席鲍威尔在参议院发表半年度货币政策证词。鲍威尔表示,由于通胀持续存在,美联储可能会继续收紧货币政策,而且可能会比之前预期的更快。

当地时间3月7日上午,美央行主席鲍威尔在参议院发表半年度货币政策证词。鲍威尔表示,由于通胀持续存在,美联储可能会继续收紧货币政策,而且可能会比之前预期的更快,这是继上个月加息步伐放缓后出乎意料的激进姿态。

鲍威尔对参议院银行委员会表示:“最新的经济数据强于预期,这表明最终利率水平可能高于此前预期。如果整体数据表明有必要加快收紧政策,我们将准备加快加息步伐。”

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这些言论似乎暗示美联储可能会在 3 月 21 日至 22 日的下一次政策会议上实施比上月 25 个基点更大的加息幅度。

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根据 CME Group 的FedWatch利率预测工具,鲍威尔发表上述言论后,交易员押注美联储3月加息 50 个基点的可能性升至 51.3%,这比一天前的 31.4% 和一个月前的 9.2% 大幅上升。此前市场普遍预计,美联储将维持其在 2 月 1 日通过的 25 个基点的加息幅度,放缓 2022 年的激进加息举措。

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此外,交易员当前预计基准利率的峰值(利率终值)将在夏季达到 5.5%-5.75% 的范围。在 12 月份的估计中,美联储官员们将最终利率定为 5.1%。

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关键衰退指标闪烁警告信号

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鲍威尔发表讲话后,加密市场和股市大幅下跌,美国国债收益率飙升。

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比特币在该言论发布后短时下跌约 1.6% 至 22,000 美元以下。此后略有反弹至 22,100 美元,标准普尔 500 指数下跌 1.4%。

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美国 2 年期国债收益率盘中突破 5%,升至 2007 年以来的最高水平。2年期国债收益率自1981年9 月 22 日以来首次较10年期国债收益率高逾100个基点,上一次2年期收益率低于10年期是在去年7月。

10 年期国债通常比短期票据提供更高的回报率,因为投资者的资金承诺时间更长。期限较短的美国国债,例如 2 年期或 3 年期债券,通常提供较低的收益率,因为与长期相比,风险更容易预测。

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但是,当 10 年期国债的回报率低于 2 年期国债时,这表明投资者对前景持悲观态度,并且不愿投入资金。

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经济学家一直将收益率曲线倒挂视为经济衰退即将到来的准确信号。根据旧金山联邦储备银行的研究,自 1955 年以来,美国每次经济衰退之前都会出现收益率曲线倒挂。

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鲍威尔称美联储距离抑制通胀的目标“还很远”

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美联储一年前开始积极上调联邦基金利率,目前利率区间为 4.5% 至 4.75%。即便如此,美国经济仍表现出非凡的韧性。截至 1 月份的三个月内,就业人数增加了超过 100 万,美联储首选的通胀指标个人消费支出指数在截至 1 月份的 12 个月里 上涨了 5.4% ,消费和通胀数据表明价格压力持续存在。

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鲍威尔还强调,央行在宣布战胜通胀之前还有一段路要走。

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在参议院的证词中,他指出,尽管美联储加息并试图为经济增长降温,但劳动力市场仍然“极度紧张”。他说:“我们离我们的物价稳定任务还很远,而且实际经济数据已经超过了对最大就业的大多数估计。”

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参议院民主党人对加速升息持谨慎态度,民主党资深参议员Elizabeth Warren在会议中表示,如果到年底失业率升至美联储预计的 4.6%,将有 200 万人失业。她询问鲍威尔:“你会如何解释你认为需要失业率的观点?”

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鲍威尔辩称,所有美国人都在物价上涨的重压下受苦。通货膨胀非常高,严重伤害了美国人民。

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他回应称:“如果我们放弃这项工作而让通货膨胀率保持在 5-6%,劳动人民会过得更好吗?”

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美国2023年1月非农业部门新增就业51.7万人,失业率为3.4%,为 54 年来的最低水平。劳工部定于周五公布 2 月份的招聘情况,下周发布 2 月份的通胀报告,这将为新的货币政策提供指引。鲍威尔表示:“在 FOMC (联邦公开市场委员会)会议之前,我们确实有两三个非常重要的数据发布需要分析,这些对于我们评估这些相对较新的数据非常重要。”

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