NFT“带单”老师,法律风险知多少?

肖飒lawyerPublicado em 2022-03-29Última atualização em 2022-03-29

Resumo

NFT和数字藏品由于自身具有独特性、不可分性、稀缺性等特征,其价值往往由买卖双方的主观意识决定,波动较大且没有特定规律。

NFT和数字藏品由于自身具有独特性、不可分性、稀缺性等特征,其价值往往由买卖双方的主观意识决定,波动较大且没有特定规律,这也是NFT仅能作为具有价值的特定物,而不能充当一般等价物的原因。正是由于其独特的价值属性,仅有那些在市场上普遍受欢迎的NFT和数字藏品项目才具备保值和升值的能力,而热度不再、无人问津的NFT,即使再如何制作精良、限量发行,也只会随时间的流逝变得一文不值。

可以说,热度就是NFT的生命。目前除了BoredApe、CryptoPunks等几个传奇NFT项目自带热度经久不衰以外,剩下的NFT们或多或少都需要依靠背后的运营团队进行适当的营销炒作来“续命”。虽然我国数字藏品与国外NFT之间存在一定的差别,但在维系热度方面却与国外NFT有着一致的需求,带单老师作为炒作方式的一部分,也就应运而生了。

那么今天飒姐团队就来和大家聊一聊,NFT带单老师,自身存在的法律风险。

1 、什么是NFT带单老师

所谓带单老师又被称为讲师、理财顾问,甚至在一些特定情形下还会被视为“托儿”。只要东西能炒,就存在带单老师,从远古时期的炒房、炒黄金、炒原油、炒外汇到现在的炒NFT,带单老师们总能凭借伶牙俐齿和敏锐嗅觉发现商机。

简单来说,NFT带单老师指的是通过线上或线下的方式,向特定或不特定的社会群体宣讲NFT及数字藏品的基本原理、发展历史、成功的NFT项目详情并分享投资理财知识的一群人。某些胆子大的带单老师甚至还会与某些NFT平台合作,以暗示或明示的方式宣传其NFT、数字藏品项目具有较大投资价值,诱导民众进行投资。

事实上,虽然能炒的领域就有带单老师这句话不假(甚至前不久某运动会吉祥物被炒起来的时候都出现了带单老师),但其实带单老师也分很多种,大致可以将其分为职业带单老师和非职业带单老师,在职业带单老师中又可以分为平台带单老师和非平台带单老师。

非职业带单老师,一般来说指的是入圈比较早,对区块链技术比较感兴趣且对其各类应用,包括而不限于虚拟货币、NFT和元宇宙等具有长期的深入研究和投资实战经验的老玩家。这些老玩家往往由于对区块链应用接触早,投资各类虚拟货币经验丰富,在国内各个社区中也比较活跃,积累了良好的口碑。此类老玩家往往愿意在国内外的加密资产社区和圈子中,分享自己的经验和研究成果,为想要入坑或需要帮助的初级、中级用户们提供基于自身经验和学识的投资建议。

飒姐团队认为,此类非职业NFT带单老师对其他用户的指导是一种互帮互助的情谊行为,只要其基于自身的投资经验和研究成果给出合理的投资建议,在不存在与特定平台的特殊利益关联,不存在诱导、欺骗等故意的情况下,即使投资人听取其投资意见后投资失败,此类带单老师也无需承担法律责任。

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2、平台带单老师在NFT市场中的角色

与大多数商品一样,当前NFT市场也存在着二八定理,位于头部前百分之二十(实际可能更少)的NFT项目占据了整个市场约百分之八十的总价值。根据欧科云链提供的数据,当前大家耳熟能详的BoredApe、CryptoPunks、Azuki、CLONEX等老牌经典NFT系列依然老当益壮,经久不衰常年占据榜单前十位,日交易额达到百万美元以上。而让人眼前一亮的新项目MURI则由于3月19日爆发的一波热度,于3月21日携新手光环强势登顶,日交易额则是到达恐怖的1700万美元。

如果只看排名靠前或短时间内的几个NFT项目,不明就里的新手朋友们可能会认为随便买入几个NFT都可以轻轻松松躺赚,但事实上NFT项目的波动远比股票等传统金融投资产品大。截至2022年3月29日,MURI光环不再,日交易额已跌至50万美元左右,虽然日均交易数还能保持在100以上,但平均交易价格已经大幅下降。因此,如果将NFT看作一种投资品,那么其投资风险是无比巨大的,甚至由于众多对敲交易、清洗交易的存在,单纯从交易数据中也很难判断出具体NFT项目的价值几何。

通过各种NFT数据观测平台我们可以发现,交易量排在约270位以后的NFT项目基本上交易数已经为0,无论是一些发行量和持有量较大的项目如MoreLoot、MakersPlace等,还是如MissCryptoClub、Chainfaces一样走稀缺路线少量发行,但最终没能火起来的项目,其价值目前来看已经无限趋近于0。事实上,对于160位以后日均交易额低于10000美元的NFT项目来说,情况也已经岌岌可危。

因此,职业带单老师们要做的就是维持和提升NFT项目的热度、知名度以保障其价值。这也是很多人不看好NFT、数字藏品,飒姐团队也一直在呼吁应尽力避免其金融化的原因:如果一种商品(产品)的价值很大程度上是被市场炒作所赋予的,那么其本身就是一个泡沫,不仅忽大忽小,还有可能在瞬间爆掉。

3 、职业带单老师,法律风险几何?

前文说过,职业带单老师中又可以分为平台带单老师和非平台带单老师。平台带单老师指的是与某平台存在雇佣关系或其他紧密联系,从一个或多个平台领取固定薪资或提成收益,与特定平台存在较大利益捆绑的个人或专业运作团队。

而非平台带单老师则大多是在非职业带单老师的基础上进一步发展而来,同样是一些币圈、投资圈比较知名的人。而与平台带单老师相比,虽然都以带单为业,但非平台带单老师在加密资产圈内更加具有名望,一般与特定NFT和数字藏品平台不存在紧密联系,往往以个人身份活动,一般通过开班开课、收徒授艺或理财托管获取佣金为其主要收入来源。

(一)非平台带单老师

对于非平台带单老师来说,由于NFT和数字藏品并未被官方定义为证券、期货等金融产品,单纯针对NFT和数字藏品项目给出投资意见,即使是有偿咨询,目前来看法律风险并不大。但如果使用VPN翻墙软件买卖或帮助他人购买境外NFT,则可能违反《中华人民共和国计算机信息网络国际联网管理暂行规定》第六条第一款之规定:计算机信息网络直接进行国际联网,必须使用邮电部国家公用电信网提供的国际出入口信道。从而构成行政违法行为,可能面临罚款等行政处罚。

另外,大家比较关心的一个问题:如果带单老师推荐的平台存在行政违法情形,带单老师与平台不存在任何关联且对平台违法行为并不知情的情况下提供了咨询建议,是否也违法?我们认为,虽然带单老师实质上对该平台实施的违法行为有所帮助,但由于我国《行政处罚法》和《行政诉讼法》对“共同违法”如何处罚并没有明确规定,因此根据我国《行政处罚法》第三条之规定:没有法定依据或者不遵守法定程序的,行政处罚无效。行政机关难以对该行为进行处罚。

即使在平台涉及刑事犯罪的情况下,带单老师是否承担刑事责任同样要取决于其是否与平台存在关联。如果既不是平台员工,对平台实施的犯罪行为也不知情且不应当知情,即使其投资建议客观上帮助了平台实施的犯罪行为,由于不存在共同犯罪的主观故意,其依然不构成平台的共犯,不应承担刑事责任。

但如果带单老师自身先买入一批NFT和数字藏品,再利用自身影响力“忽悠”大批投资者入盘自己却高位卖出,则有可能涉嫌诈骗罪。另外,如果通过不正当途径获取NFT和数字藏品平台有可能影响其价格内部信息并对该信息加以利用,也有构成侵犯商业秘密罪的可能(在炒鞋圈曾真实发生过)。

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(二)平台带单老师

对于平台带单老师来说,除了存在与非平台带单老师相同的问题外,其自身行政违法和刑事违法的风险还要更大。

首先,经营者任意哄抬炒作NFT和数字藏品的行为属于《中华人民共和国和价格法》(以下简称《价格法》)第十四条第一款规定的相互串通,操纵市场价格,损害其他经营者或者消费者的合法权益的行为;同时,我国《价格法》第十四条还禁止通过捏造、散布涨价信息,哄抬价格,推动商品价格过高上涨,及其他违反法律、法规的规定牟取暴利的不正当价格行为。违反《价格法》的相关规定不仅面临行政处罚,情节严重的甚至可能构成非法经营罪。

其次,如果带单老师所属的平台或团队使用虚拟货币交易NFT和数字藏品,则属于违反21年十部委发布的《关于整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的通知》(简称“9.24”通知)第(十六)条的行为,系非法金融活动,该境内平台将会面临行政处罚,可能具有刑事风险。既是平台员工又为平台提供帮助的带单老师,在平台构成犯罪的情况下,拉下线、返佣的操作视具体情况而定,如果在平台实施的犯罪行为中起到较大作用,则同样会被视为平台的共犯定罪处罚。

另外,目前网络上不少打着NFT和数字藏品旗号,实施诈骗、非法集资、传销行为的平台和团体不在少数,这种行为涉嫌非法吸收公众存款罪、诈骗罪、集资诈骗罪和组织、领导传销活动罪,此类“带单老师”实则不为带单,其一开始瞄准的就是投资者的钱包。各位投资者们须时刻提高警惕。

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4 、写在最后

当前,从飒姐团队成员在国内各大平台用户群观察到的情况来看,NFT和数字藏品炒作的情况非常普遍,各路带单老师层出不穷,引发普遍担忧。避免NFT和数字藏品金融化是飒姐团队一直以来的主张,NFT和数字藏品本身就是元宇宙经济的重要组成部分,是构建元宇宙的基石,将NFT限定在普通商品、藏品的范围内不仅有利于其本身的合规发展,更加可以促进元宇宙的构建,是一种目光更加长远和可持续发展的选择。

2017年7月25日,美国证监会曾发布一份依据《1934年证券交易法》第21条(a)款发布的DAO调查报告(ReportofInvestigationPursuanttoSection21(a)oftheSecuritiesExchangeActof1934:TheDAO)在报告中,证监会基于对DAO组织Slock.it公开发行通证的调查,明确指出其通证属于美国《1933年证券法》及《1934年证券交易法》中的“证券”。此后DAO组织发行的通证及证明成员身份的NFT都会被美国证监会认定为证券而受到同等的监管。虽然由于用途不同,此NFT非彼NFT,我国数字藏品也尚未被纳入证券、期货等金融产品范畴,但炒作趋势却有异化NFT和数字藏品的可能。虽然我们希望国内数字藏品市场被监管,但却不希望其最终以金融产品的方式被监管。

以上就是今天的分享,感恩读者!

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