抗审查与接受审查,以太坊或将陷入一个长期监管困局

维斯曼笔记Published on 2022-08-16Last updated on 2022-08-16

Abstract

以太坊现在正在进行的抗审查风暴,其影响力也许远在 Merge 之上。

以太坊现在正在进行的抗审查风暴,其影响力也许远在 Merge 之上。

这篇文章没有严格的结论,更多是出于探讨交流。而且这篇文章讨论的东西在华语区貌似较少,我也没有经过严谨审慎的调研,仅限于公开渠道收集得来的信息源。

以太坊最近的重大事件莫过于 Merge 准备开始了,但在 Merge 的冰山之下,其实波涛汹涌。由于我经常关于英语系 KOL 的讨论,因此总结了一些近期算是很重大的、潜藏在 Merge 之下的大事件。

感兴趣的读者可以深入去研究这个信标链抗审查的事情。

美国正在推动协议级的审查

首先回到两天前,知名 KOL@lex_node 在推特爆出「美国验证者(包括非常强大的 Coinbase)将推动协议级别的审查」。

此番言论的由来,是源于以太坊在信标链的验证者们有大约超过 66% 的人将会遵守 OFAC 规定。

OFAC, 即美国财政部海外资产控制办公室(The Office of Foreign Assets Control of the US Department of the Treasury),它的使命在于管理和执行所有基于美国国家安全和对外政策的经济和贸易制裁。

换言之,如果 OFAC 有必要对某个以太坊账户进行制裁,那么是完全可以实现的。一如现在针对 t0rnado 进行制裁。

更直接一点,OFAC 在理论上是可以掌控一个以太坊账户是否可以进行转账交易等行为。因为一旦你的以太坊账户被 OFAC 制裁,那么以太坊的验证者节点会根据相关政策,将不执行对应的区块打包。这也就是区块链级别把对应的账户禁用了。

为什么区块链不再抗审查了?

大家对区块链的既定印象是有良好的抗审查机制,但为什么发展到现在,通过一系列司法案件、制裁事件可以看出,区块链并没有体现出很好的抗审查机制。

其核心点有二:

第一,区块链行业随着发展壮大,迎合相应监管是必然的事情。从 USDC 的市场份额与日俱增就可以看出,无论是机构投资者还是个人投资者,都倾向于使用合规的稳定币、Web3 协议。

第二,美国监管者在技术上不但与时俱进,甚至对区块链的理解远超大部分行业人士。

具体来说,以太坊这样的区块链他是去中心化的,非常难以监管审查。但是在以太坊推动 Merge 之后,监管机构则可以通过信标链的验证者来进行区块 / 交易审查。

在目前现状看来,无论是现在信标链上的验证者,还是未来 Merge 之后的验证者,他们都依赖于机构验证 / 项目验证。比如 coinbase,Lido,KRAKEN、BITCOIN SUISSE 等等。

但这类节点会受制于 OFAC 规定,必须要响应监管政策。换言之,由于验证者节点们隶属于美国机构,因此需要响应美国政府来对以太坊区块链进行相关审查。而且是协议级,深入到每笔 tx 交易的审查。

那么如何应对?

值得庆幸的是,V 神以及以太坊基金会并不愿意看到以太坊被美国政府进行协议级的审查,在最近的一段时间都致力于反对这样的审查。

在推特最新的以太坊社区调查中,V 神投票给了 X,即认为「将审查视为对以太坊的攻击,并通过社区共识销毁他们这个节点」。

当然,Coinbase 的信标链质押服务构建者@LukeYoungblood 在推特上以非公开的形式阐述了 Coinbase 的节点运行机制。

但是我们回过头来看 OFAC 的管辖范围,似乎无论验证器是否在美国境内或者境外,只要公司主体即 Coinbase 是在范围内的,那就要服从监管。

在技术一方,V 神以及以太坊基金会最近也积极研究 Block Proposer Separation methodology.方案,即 BPS,区块提议者分离方案。

对技术方案感兴趣的可以查阅以下资料:

https://writings.flashbots.net/writings/why-run-mevboost/

https://ethresear.ch/t/proposer-block-builder-separation-friendly-fee-market-designs/9725

包括一些著名 KOL 也在公开渠道向各大质押机构们提问,但目前没有得到答复。

总结

以太坊现在正在进行的抗审查风暴,其实影响力我认为远在 Merge 之上。Merge 严格来说只是以太坊经济模型更迭。但以太坊抗审查风暴,则是动摇了整个区块链行业的根基。一旦以太坊抗审查风暴摆上台面,那么势必会造成区块链共识分裂。

一部分以美国机构为主,主张美国要控制且审查区块链。另一部分则以理想主义的开发者为主,致力于区块链抗审查。而中间各种基于区块链的应用们,则需要在此中间站队。

或许,一场庞大的抗审查与接受审查之间的斗争已经开始了。

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