从拒绝到拥抱,是什么推进了俄罗斯加密挖矿合法化

链捕手Published on 2024-08-09Last updated on 2024-08-09

作者:邓通,金色财经

 

在经历了 805 币难之后,加密市场阴云笼罩:比特币价格从 7 月底的 7 万美元以上急转直下,跌破 5 万美元关口。恐慌与贪婪指数甚至一度降至 17,等级由害怕转为极度恐惧。人们一度怀疑「牛还在吗」?

但 8 月 8 日开始,加密市场似有一夜春风之势,加密货币普涨。8 月 9 日凌晨,比特币甚至一度达到 62394.50 美元,较之 49781.93 美元的低点上涨了 25.33%。究其原因,加密市场行情大反弹一大因素与俄罗斯新通过的挖矿合法化政策有密不可分的关系。

俄罗斯挖矿新规说了什么?

2024 年 8 月 8 日,俄罗斯总统普京签署了一项法律,使俄罗斯加密货币挖矿合法化。

签署的法律引入了新的概念,包括数字货币挖矿、矿池、挖矿基础设施运营商、地址识别者以及组织矿池活动的个人。挖矿本身被认定为营业额的组成部分,而不是数字货币的发行。

只有登记在册的俄罗斯法人和个体企业家才有权进行挖矿。不超过俄罗斯政府规定的能源消耗限制的个人无需登记在册即可进行数字货币挖矿。

根据该文件,外国数字金融资产可以在俄罗斯区块链平台上交易,如果俄罗斯央行发现个别发行对俄罗斯金融稳定构成威胁,则有权禁止其发行。

此前,普京在经济问题会议上与政府讨论了数字货币的引入和使用。他指出,这是一个前景光明的经济领域,俄罗斯必须「抓住时机」迅速建立法律框架和法规,发展基础设施,为数字资产的流通创造条件。

新的挖矿监管政策将由俄罗斯央行、财政部和俄罗斯政府内阁负责,他们将在未来几个月制定更精确的监管内容。该法案还禁止在俄罗斯境内大规模投放加密货币广告。

该法律自正式公布之日起十日后生效,但另有规定生效日期的条款除外。

俄罗斯挖矿合法化早有端倪

俄罗斯新推出的挖矿合法化法案其实早已有迹可循。

早在 2023 年 12 月 14 日,俄罗斯财政部提出新法案,寻求使 BTC 挖矿合法化并建立销售所开采货币的机制。该法案包括禁止加密货币广告的条款,并要求通过外国平台进行加密货币销售,不包括使用俄罗斯信息基础设施。 财政部和俄罗斯央行都支持承认加密货币挖矿作为一个行业,并支持在实验框架内使用加密货币进行对外经济活动结算。根据拟议的法案,加密货币矿工可以通过外国系统或为实验建立的专用平台获取数字货币。无论哪种情况,矿工都必须向联邦税务局报告这些交易。 央行建议,开采的加密货币的销售仅限于非居民,并且只能通过外国基础设施进行。

2024 年 5 月 6 日,俄罗斯国家杜马金融市场委员会主席 Anton Gorelkin 表示,他并不支持完全禁止加密货币在俄罗斯流通,他在 Telegram 上发帖解释说,这一限制并不是为了禁止所有加密货币的使用,而是为了在俄罗斯的法律框架内规范加密货币兑换平台的建立。Anton Gorelkin 还认为,俄罗斯合法加密基础设施的建立受到地缘政治现实的影响。这需要考虑与国际关系相关的因素。他继续补充说,允许这种基础设施可能会使俄罗斯企业受到西方制裁。 此外,Anton Gorelkin 还指出,未来可能会取消这一限制,并表示用户仍然可以像以前一样使用外国加密货币交易所和场外交易服务。不过,对莫斯科许多场外加密货币服务的影响尚不确定。

2024 年 7 月,俄罗斯考虑在即将出台的法案中加入稳定币的主题,允许正式使用稳定币完成跨境支付。俄罗斯银行副行长阿列克谢 - 古兹诺夫(Alexey Guznov)宣布,已经提交了提案,目前正在讨论这个问题。财政部也证实了这一点。

2024 年 7 月 13 日,BITCOINLFG 在 X 平台透露,消息人士称,俄罗斯总统普京或将在未来几日就比特币和加密货币发表重大声明。

2024 年 8 月 3 日,金色财经在报道中指出:俄罗斯国家杜马金融市场委员会主席 Anatoly Aksakov 曾预测,未来某个时候,公民将可以兑换比特币和数字卢布,需要基于数字卢布的 P2P 市场来实现这一目标。

综上可知,俄罗斯为推出新挖矿法案做了很多铺垫。新规的推出实则在预料之中。

转折点:俄乌冲突、被制裁及国家竞争

俄罗斯加密资产监管政策早年并不是十分利于行业发展,那么,是什么让俄罗斯对加密货币的态度从「不支持」转变为「挖矿合法」?

2020 年 12 月 10 日,普京签署了一项法令,禁止某些俄罗斯官员持有任何加密货币。2021 年 12 月,俄罗斯央行警告与数字资产有关的风险,甚至提议全面禁止加密货币挖矿和交易。

然而,2022 年 2 月 24 日,俄乌冲突全面爆发,这一场战事可以被视为俄罗斯对加密货币态度的转折点时刻。

据 BBC 报道,美国、英国、欧盟以及澳大利亚、加拿大和日本等国自俄乌冲突全面爆发后,对俄罗斯实施了 16500 多项制裁。

他们的主要目标是俄罗斯的资金——有价值 3500 亿美元(2760 亿英镑)的外汇储备被冻结,约占俄罗斯外汇储备总额的一半。

欧盟表示,俄罗斯银行约 70% 的资产也被冻结,其中一些银行还被排除在 Swift 国际资金清算系统之外,后者为金融机构提供安全高效的通讯服务。

根据国际货币基金组织的数据,2022 年,俄罗斯 GDP 增长率 -2.1%。2023 年,俄罗斯 GDP 增长率 3.6%。而 2021 年,即俄乌战争开始之前,俄罗斯 GDP 是 4.7%。

可见,在中心化的国际金融体系中,西方的制裁手段确实让俄罗斯遭遇经济寒冬。面对多轮经济制裁,俄罗斯最终选择拥抱加密货币。

2022 年,普京认为俄罗斯在加密货币挖矿方面存在一些优势,应该对加密货币挖矿征税和监管,支持将采矿限制在电力过剩地区,如 Irkutsk、Krasnoyarsk 和 Karelia。

2022 年 2 月 13 日,俄罗斯修订了「关于数字货币」法案,对非合格投资者购买加密货币进行了限制,规定购买前需通过考试,合格者每年最多可购买价值 7,000 美元的加密货币,不合格者限购 600 美元。 法案还定义数字货币为财产,为加密货币支付提供法律依据。

2023 年 4 月 20 日,俄罗斯监管机构负责人 Elvira Naiullina 表示,俄央行正在制定一项法案,该法案将引入一种「实验性法律制度」,允许加密货币专门用于进出口交易。作为监管的一部分,将为矿工引入新的税法。 央行的计划包括建立专门的组织,负责加密货币开采和处理跨境贸易协议的支付。

2023 年 11 月,俄罗斯开发出一种帮助加密矿工逃避制裁的工具,该工具将帮助俄罗斯企业进行跨境支付。俄罗斯国家杜马信息政策、信息技术和通信委员会成员特卡乔夫 (Anton Tkachev) 表示,该国工业和贸易部已经成功开发「一种用于进行工业采矿活动的工具」。他声称,加密货币可以帮助俄罗斯公司在海外交易时逃避西方制裁。

俄罗斯央行最近建议企业使用加密货币和数字资产来减轻乌克兰冲突后西方制裁的影响。俄罗斯央行行长纳比乌琳娜承认,支付问题对俄罗斯经济至关重要,并强调了新金融技术在创造前所未有的解决方案方面的作用。

由于针对俄罗斯主要金融机构的制裁,俄罗斯与多国的贸易关系面临困难。纳比乌琳娜表示:「新金融技术为以前不存在的计划创造了机会。这就是为什么我们放宽了对在国际支付中使用加密货币的立场,允许在此类支付中使用数字资产。」

另一方面,美国开始全面拥抱加密货币,从美国 SEC 陆续批准比特币现货 ETF、以太坊现货 ETF;美国总统候选人纷纷表态支持加密货币等可见。在如何对待加密货币上面,国家竞争愈来愈烈。

美国对俄罗斯通过加密货币逃避制裁的回应

一方面,俄罗斯找到了通过加密货币逃避西方制裁的捷径。另一方面,美国也将开始担忧俄罗斯通过加密手段逃避制裁的举动。

2024 年 7 月,国会议员布拉德·谢尔曼(D-CA)就俄罗斯使用加密货币和稳定币逃避西方制裁一事向耶伦进行了质询。「俄罗斯央行敦促使用加密货币来逃避西方制裁。稳定币没有什么特别的优势,因为它稳定,你不能通过持有它来赚钱,而且它通常不支付利息——当然不是你在货币市场基金上获得的利息。它的唯一优势是逃避我们的制裁和其他法律,包括税法,我希望在对俄罗斯实施制裁时,你们不会通过促进稳定币来促进这一点。」

耶伦回答:我们非常关注加密货币和稳定币的使用。我们认为俄罗斯的所作所为并不是什么大事,但随着我们的制裁越来越严厉,这成为一个令人担忧的问题。

总结

俄罗斯通过挖矿新规是为突破西方经济封锁而迈出的重要一步。诚然,西方的制裁对俄经济造成严重影响,但俄罗斯选择了拥抱去中心化的世界,在这个新兴金融的大门里,比特币背后的平等、自由的精神或将为俄罗斯经济带来重生的希望。加密世界也将因「北极熊」的参与而更具现实意义,展示加密朋克世界的迷人吸引力。

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