比特币正面临需求冲击,什么是需求冲击?它的影响是什么?

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-03-16Last updated on 2024-03-16

Abstract

ETF 的发行需求和即将到来的减半将加剧需求冲击的影响。

原文标题:The Bitcoin Demand Shock

原文作者:James Butterfill

在大宗商品领域,需求冲击是指由不可预见的事件引发的基本商品或原材料需求的突然和重大变化。积极的需求冲击源于需求增加,可能是由于技术创新、政策变化或消费者偏好的转变,推高了价格上涨。21 世纪初,中国经济繁荣,房地产开发加速,引发大宗商品需求冲击,导致钢铁价格在 2000 年至 2008 年间上涨了 793 %。金融危机后经济增长放缓,加上供应反应造成的大规模增产,导致钢铁价格在接下来的十年中下跌了 80% 。

我们认为比特币目前正在经历积极的需求冲击。美国证券交易委员会(SEC)批准了基于现货的 ETF,这使得超过 14 万亿美元的资产可以在传统市场被投资,虽然这是众所周知的,但其时机并不明确,由此产生的资金流入的规模也并未达成广泛共识。到目前为止, 1 月 11 日推出的 ETF 已经导致了 4500 个比特币(仅限交易日)的日均需求量,而与此同时,新的比特币日均开采量仅为 921 个。

比特币正面临需求冲击,什么是需求冲击?它的影响是什么?

这导致了我们最近几周比特币价格的大幅上涨,因为新开采的比特币供应跟不上需求,导致 ETF 发行人不得不主要从二级市场采购。我们可以在数据中看到这一点,其中 OTC 市场持有量自 2020 年的峰值以来已经下降了 74% ,这很可能是由于近年来的 ETF 需求。

比特币正面临需求冲击,什么是需求冲击?它的影响是什么?

在前两个月中,美国 ETF 见证了创纪录的 100 亿美元流入,而比之下,iShares 在 2005 年首次推出的首个黄金 ETF 在前两个月的净流入仅为 2880 万美元。在 2020 年的前两个月,即在减半之前,ETP 的流入量为 4.36 亿美元,占其管理总资产的 11% ,与今天非常相似,最近的流入量也占 11% ,即使按名义价值计算,今天的流入量也是 2020 年的 23 倍。

我们还看到交易所持有的比特币大幅减少,自 2020 年以来,其比特币持有量已经下降了 29% ,因为投资者正在越来越多地利用 ETP,或者自行保管比特币,这反映了他们越来越多地将其视为一种价值储存工具。

比特币正面临需求冲击,什么是需求冲击?它的影响是什么?

按照目前每天约 4500 个比特币的需求速度,需要 573 天才能将平衡汇兑,所以很明显还有很长的路要走。

在大宗商品市场出现需求冲击后,通常会有供应反应。随着时间的推移,供应商会根据新的需求条件调整其生产水平。在需求受到积极冲击的情况下,生产商可能会提高生产能力或寻求提高效率以满足更高需求。然而,比特币与大宗商品市场的不同之处在于,比特币有一个固定且不可变供应量机制模型,其编程设计为每 210, 000 个区块或大约每 4 年供应量减半。

最终,市场会在供需交汇处寻求新的平衡。这种调整过程可快可慢,取决于冲击的程度,鉴于比特币供应不灵活,因此只有在价格层面才能寻求到新的平衡。这就是为什么近几个月来我们看到比特币价格上涨如此迅猛的原因,ETF 的发行需求和即将到来的减半加剧了这个问题。

减半是众所周知的信息,至少在理论上应该已经被计入价格预期模型。有人可能会争辩说, 2020 年后价格减半的涨幅更多的是美国 ”COVID 刺激支票“ 措施的结果,而非减半本身。从统计学上讲,我们只有 3 个先前事件样本可以作为参考,因此得出任何结论都是危险的,我们已经在这篇文章中提供了更多细节。然而,如果有大量的交易与该事件有关,那么它可能会变成一种自我实现的预言,尤其是在目前期货市场交易者对该事件的定位较低的情况下。

无论如何,今年比特币价格还有其他几个支撑因素,其中最重要的利好进展是美国的平台允许注册投资顾问(RIAs)在客户投资组合中包含比特币 ETF。然而,我们认为这些资金流入最终会减少,从而减少它们对价格的影响。如果这些资金在今年晚些时候开始减少,我们预计比特币价格将与利率预期重新保持一致。由于美联储预计将在今年晚些时候降息,这可能会成为对比特币的额外价格支撑。

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