香港宣布开放比特币现货ETF,一文了解关键要点

Odaily星球日报Pubblicato 2023-12-27Pubblicato ultima volta 2023-12-27

Introduzione

在香港地区发行比特币现货 ETF 需要满足哪些监管要求?在未来会带来哪些影响?

原文作者:MetaLab William

原文来源:吴说 Real 

年 12 月 22 日,香港证监会发布《有关中介人的虚拟资产相关活动的联合通函》(以下简称「联合通函」)与《有关证监会认可基金投资虚拟资产的通函》(以下简称「基金通函」),并表示「准备好接受虚拟资产现货 ETF 的认可申请」。那么在香港地区发行比特币现货 ETF 需要满足哪些监管要求?在未来会带来哪些影响?本文将做详细分析。

一、虚拟资产现货 ETF 发行条件解读

总体上看,产品的发行需要满足「《香港单位信托及互惠基金守则》+《联合通函》+《基金通函》」三个监管文件的要求。前一个文件主要涉及传统监管要求,因为香港地区的 ETF 主要以单位信托(Unit Trust)为主要发行载体,当然近几年也出现以开放式基金型公司(OFC)为载体发行的 ETF, 这里我们不展开介绍。关于《联合通函》,则主要介绍了有关虚拟资产分销(Distribution)、交易(VA dealing)、资管(asset management)和咨询(advisory)的监管要求,范围涵盖较为广泛,因此我们只介绍涉及 BTC 现货 ETF 的政策部分。关于《基金通函》,其明确规定了监管范围是 ( 1) 面向公众发行,( 2) 将基金总资产价值 10% 或以上投资于虚拟货币的基金,比特币现货 ETF 涵盖在内,因此我们会做重点介绍。

从细节上看,发行要求如下:

1. 发行人资质

不同于美国 SEC 对比特币现货 ETF 的发行人资质并无明确规定,香港 SFC 对发行人做了较为严格的监管要求---发行虚拟资产基金产品的资管公司需要满足以下三个条件:

有良好的监管合规记录。这意味着有不良记录的资管公司基本被排除在外,至于刚设立不久的资管公司,则面临一定的不确定性。因此,在港的老牌资管公司在发行 BTC 现货 ETF 上具有一定优势。

公司至少有一名有虚拟资产及相关产品管理经验的称职员工。

公司需要持有升级的 9 号牌。即发行公司需要满足《适用于管理投资于虚拟资产的投资组合的持牌发团活注册机构的条款及条件》,需要注意的是该文件在 2023 年 10 月进行了修改,降低了申请条件和难度。

2. 底层资产要求

根据通函规定,虚拟资产现货 ETF 的底层资产必须是目前在香港持牌交易所上可供零售用户交易的虚拟资产。这意味着目前在香港地区可以发行 BTC 和 ETH 两种虚拟资产的现货 ETF。

3. 投资策略

虚拟资产现货 ETF 是被动基金,因此在投资策略上没有过多要求。但需要注意的是,通函指出基金不允许加杠杆。在贝莱德的 BTC 现货 ETF 发行文件中提及了 Trade Credit Lender 这一角色,为 ETF 在某些情景中提供贷款服务。这一角色在香港地区可能会被禁止。

4. 现货虚拟资产的申赎和交易

目前在香港地区发行虚拟资产现货 ETF,允许采用现金(Cash Model)和实物(In-Kind Moder)两种模式。主要原因在于,美国目前对虚拟资产交易平台并没有专门的法规进行规范。如果接受实物申赎,那么不法分子可能通过直接用 BTC 申购 ETF 的方式达到洗钱的目的。但在香港地区,持牌交易所都要求满足《打击洗钱条例》,向平台充提币都需要经过严格的 KYC/AML 审核,因此通过持牌交易所来进行实物申赎可有效避免美国市场面临的问题,但这也为香港市场增加额外的要求:

  • 现金申赎要求在香港持牌交易所上进行,但可以是场内交易(On-platform)也可以是场外交易(off-platform);

  • 实物申赎要求先将虚拟资产转入香港持牌交易所或者 HKMA 认可的金融机构(Authorized Financial Institutions, AIs)及其附属公司;

  • 参与申赎的交易者(PD)需要持有升级的 1 号牌。

5. 托管

与交易类似,虚拟资产要求第三方独立托管,并且托管商必须是香港持牌交易所或者 HKMA 认可的金融机构及其附属公司,此外还需要满足以下安排:

托管账户必须与资管公司的自有账户分开;

大部分资产放置在冷钱包中,少部分放置在热钱包中以供申赎;

私钥安全保管,要求私钥必须保存在香港地区,有效防止外部攻击及适当备份。

6 .估值

在估值方面,SFC 体现了宽松的一面。用于估值计算的指数编制不要求仅纳入香港持牌交易所,可以是海外的主要交易所。在指数提供商上没有特殊限制,仅要求信誉良好。

7. 风险披露和投资者教育

该部分《联合通函》和《基金通函》均有涉及,《基金通函》主要涵盖在发行文件和财报的风险披露上;《联合通函》主要是针对分销环节的风险披露要求。当然两个通函都分别要求发行方和分销方进行投资者教育。

8. 审核制

根据《基金通函》要求,准备发行或者计划将基金总资产价值 10% 或以上投资于虚拟货币的基金,必须事先征询 SFC 意见并获得批准。

9. 投资者限制

根据《联合通函》要求,虚拟资产相关产品的销售必须符合相关司法管辖区的要求,即虚拟资产现货 ETF 禁止向中国内地投资者销售。

二、未来安排

从上文可以看出,关于香港地区虚拟资产现货 ETF 的政策,其重要性体现在两个方面:

一是明确了香港市场对虚拟资产现货 ETF 的监管政策。区别于美国 SEC 的监管政策不清晰导致相关 BTC 现货 ETF 的审批历经半年后仍未完成,香港证监会对相关基金产品的发行资质、虚拟资产的交易和托管等都做出了明确的规定。

二是区别于美国 SEC 只允许现金申赎(Cash Model),香港 SFC 明确规定现金申赎和实物申赎(In-kind Model)都被允许(具体原因后文分析)。这将使香港的 BTC 现货 ETF 相较于欧美同类产品更具优势。

因此,笔者判断,目前在香港地区发行比特币现货 ETF 已是「万事俱备只欠东风」,主要监管障碍已经消除,剩下的主要是一些技术性细节问题,亚洲首支比特币现货 ETF 有望在未来不久落地香港。

原文链接

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