Arbitrum存在哪些挑战?为何推出Nitro?

链茶馆Pubblicato 2022-04-24Pubblicato ultima volta 2022-04-24

Introduzione

Nitro将大幅增加网络容量并降低交易成本,Arbitrum能够减少这些控制并显着提高吞吐量。

L2网络Arbitrum自去年上线以来,因其提供廉价和快速的用户体验而迅速获得了巨大的吸引力,TVL (总锁仓价值) 早已经超过了几十亿美元,包括Uniswap、SushiSwap、Balancer、Curve、1inch、MakerDAO、Chainlink、Cream Finance等诸多dApps 都已部署。
Arbitrum前不久宣布推出基于以太坊测试网的Nitro开发网络Devnet。Nitro可大幅提高网络吞吐量并降低费用,未来团队将根据Devnet的构建情况对其进行数次重置优化,然后迁移至Arbitrum Rinkeby测试网,最后将现行的Arbitrum One迁移至Nitro。
我们可以看出Arbitrum的依然在发展的快车道上,那么Arbitrum未来存在哪些挑战?生态有哪些值得关注的项目?
一切要先从Optimistic Rollup开始。
Optimistic Rollup vs ZK Rollup
Optimistic Rollup (OR) 扩容解决方案是一种旨在扩充套件以太坊上智能合约通用性吞吐量的技术。
如果开发相对较快的话,它就可以为迁移现有的dApp和服务提供一种简单的方案,而且为此付出的安全性以及可扩充套件性牺牲也不会太大,它能帮助Eth1.0适应不断增长的需求。
相比之下, ZK Rollup则是一种更复杂的技术,它可以用于代币转移和定制化的应用,但要真的用它来实现通用性智能合约,就得需花费更长的时间,甚至需要更多研究工作来把EVM高效封装进零知识证明。
不过一旦ZK Rollup开发完成,现在所有的以太坊dApp和服务都可以平滑迁移到ZK Rollup上,无需花太多力气。
那为何Arbitrum选择了Optimistic Rollup而不是ZK Rollups,因为Optimistic Rollup 在操作成本上占据优势——大家希望这条区块链上的交易成本更低且能与现有工具兼容。
而构建ZK Rollup证明的链下成本非常高,可能需要专用硬件或者大规模并行性,从而使网络变得更加中心化。
去信任与即时终结
Arbitrum在评估Rollup时,需要确定Rollup是否需要提供去信任的、即时的终结。简单来说,这意味着在用户提交交易后,得和所有人即时且确定地知道交易的结果,且无人能修改或者撤消这个交易。
从Arbitrum的角度来看,实现即时终结的最佳方法是将交易的顺序与交易执行分开。
如果交易的执行是确定性的,那么确定交易的顺序就足以确定结果,因为结果是交易顺序的确定性函数。
也就是说,如果每个人都知道交易的顺序,那么每个人都可以轻松确定结果,完成一个序列需要将序列发布到Layer 1链,并包含足够的信息以允许任何人自己执行交易,以便无需信任地了解结果。
在Optimistic Rollup系统中,发布到Layer 1链的成本最低,实际上Arbitrum通常会在每一分钟左右将排序的交易数据发布到Layer 1链,为用户提供快速确定性并保证没有人可以撤消他们的交易。
此外,Arbitrum还会每隔一小时左右就产生一个新的Optimistic Rollup结果主张(Result Assertion),但由于序列已经最终确定并且执行是确定性的,因此完全不会减慢最终确定的速度。
Arbitrum存在的挑战关键
Arbitrum的安全保证是由验证者去执行的,而Optimistic Rollup的前提是假设了所有的交易数据都是正确的,但如果验证者怀疑存在欺诈行为,则可以通过争议解决机制对交易进行异议。
因此,Optimistic Rollup存在了一项很大的挑战——如果验证者发现里头存在着可疑的交易,挑战成功后再被挑战交易会在这期间恢复。正因为如此,资金从以太坊主网跨到Arbitrum上只需要大概10分钟,但将Arbitrum上的资金转回以太坊主网时却需要用户花费约1 周的时间。
从用户体验的角度来说,用户在交易过程中更加看重的是交易的速度以及每笔gas费的高低。从这个角度而言,Arbitrum的竞争者不仅只有Layer2的项目,还包括像Solana、AVAX、BSC等高性能的Layer1主链。它们都有着高TPS、低手续费的特点,且跨链资产迅速,退出也无需等待较长时间。
2021年随着Layer1和Layer2项目如雨后春笋出现,以太坊资产逐渐蓬勃发展,Arbitrum的竞争力则很难维持在高点。
即将到来的Nitro带来了哪些重大改变?
Arbitrum Nitro 技术的根本是一个新的证明器 (prover),它可以在WASM代码上进行Arbitrum的交互式欺诈证明。也就是说, L2 Arbitrum引擎将可以在WASM上运行,整个系统都可以使用标准的语言和工具来构建和编译,进而取代经专门设计的语言和编译器。
Nitro将大幅增加网络容量并降低交易成本,Arbitrum能够减少这些控制并显着提高吞吐量。虽然今天的Arbitrum 已经平均比以太坊便宜90-95%,但Nitro进一步降低了成本。
Arbitrum Nitro建立在诸如WASM和Geth的标准技术之上,所以它更能兼容于EVM且速度要比原本的技术快一个数量级。当它准备好时,我们将把它作为Arbitrum One的一次无缝升级进行部署。
WebAssembly (WASM) 架构驱动的Arbitrum版本,将是一个更快且更加兼容于EVM的Arbitrum版本,因为现有的EVM引擎可以在WASM上运行,而随着时间的推移,该项目已经从个人的研究项目转变为生产级别的开发工作。
最终当Arbitrum One迁移到Nitro时是无缝迁移,用户唯一会注意到的是费用降低、容量增加和整体更快的体验。
那费用降低、容量增加和整体更快的体验,速度究竟是会快多少呢?团队预计L2的执行速度将提高20到50倍,成本也将大幅下降。
但Nitro只是一个开始。在未来,Arbitrum也许不仅作为引领以太坊Layer2的角色,甚至可能将Rollup扩展到其他的Layer1项目上,开拓公链融合发展大格局。
虽然以上这些部署在Arbitrum上的以太坊原生dApps可能代表了这个L2网络的大部分TVL价值,但许多令人兴奋的新协议和dApps也正在Arbitrum启动。
Arbitrum生态新兴项目
目前为止,被认为最成功的三个项目分别是Dopex、TreasureDAO和GMX。
Dopex
Dopex是第一个在Arbitrum推出的主要协议,这二者甚至已成为彼此的替代名词,Dopex由匿名的TzTok-Chad创建,该协议已经进入了每个DeFi用户的投资组合当中,它去中心化的期权平台,能够让用户在拥有最大化流动性和最小化风险的同时交易期权。
目前,该协议的主要产品是其结构化期权金库 Single Staking Option Vaults (SSOVs):用户可以将 ETH、DPX、rDPX CRV、BTC、BNB 等资产存入看涨金库或看跌金库中,并收取保费和耕作奖励,不仅如此,用户还可以购买这些期权。
TreasureDAO
TreasureDAO是第一个在Arbitrum上构建的元宇宙项目,它围绕其正在构建的《Bridgeworld》游戏为此制定了一项的计划,然而,Bridgeworld 并不是一款普通的游戏,该目标是成为所有不同元宇宙和 NFT 项目之间的“桥梁”。
GMX
GMX是一个已经在Arbitrum和Avalanche上都推出的去中心化永续合约交易所,它允许用户在一个去中心化的平台上进行高达30倍杠杆的ETH、BTC、LINK和UNI永续合约交易,而不是通过Binance或FTX等中心化交易所使用杠杆来进行做空或做多。
尽管GMX的产品很少,但该协议肯定已成为去中心化永续合约交易所市场的主要参与者。迄今为止,GMX的交易量已超过160亿美元,产生的费用超过2,200万美元。

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