Offchain Labs联创: 站在实用角度,Arbitrum为什么最终选择Optimistic Rollup?

PanewsPublished on 2023-09-26Last updated on 2023-09-28

Abstract

Optimistic 的优势(低成本、简单性和灵活性)比 ZK 的优势(非资产转移跨链功能的速度)更为突出。

撰文:Ed Felten,Offchain Labs 联合创始人
编译:Luffy,Foresight News
Arbitrum 是一种采用 Optimistic Rollup 的以太坊扩容协议。人们经常问我们 Arbitrum 为什么选择 Optimistic,以及我们是否期望 Arbitrum 转向 ZK 证明。我以前回答过这个问题,但那是差不多两年前的事了。这是我目前的个人观点,其他人可能不同意。
在设计系统时,我坚信实用主义。我们不应该迷恋一种技术方法然后不惜一切代价应用它,而应该问哪种方法最能满足用户和开发者的需求。最好的方法可能会随着时间的推移而改变,如果是这样,我们也愿意做出改变。
我们为 Arbitrum 选择 Optimistic 是出于务实的考虑,我相信 Optimistic 证明仍然是比 ZK 证明更好的选择,它更能满足用户和开发者的需求。简单来说,Optimistic 比 ZK 更便宜、更简单、更灵活。我将在下面逐一阐述这些主张。
也就是说,如果情况发生变化并且 ZK 成为更好的选择,我认为 Arbitrum 应该改变。但我预计这种情况不会很快发生。
Optimistic 成本更低
Optimistic 证明的美妙之处在于,对于诚实的各方来说,证明成本始终为零。在常见情况下,不需要任何证据,因为只发布真实的声明,永远不会受到质疑。如果存在挑战,解决挑战就会产生一些成本。但是每个不诚实的一方都会输掉挑战,他们将失去质押份额,这些可以用来支付挑战的成本。
Optimistic 协议依赖于多方执行,以便他们可以检查任何发布的有关执行结果的声明。换句话说,链需要有节点。但任何具有重要用途的链都会有大量的普通节点,由用户或基础设施提供商运行,以支持链的活动。这些节点自然都会充当 Optimistic 协议的瞭望塔。
相比之下,ZK 要求为每个发布的声明生成加密证明,并且证明必须在 Layer 1 进行验证。随着时间推移,ZK 研究人员已经降低了生成这些证明的成本,但永远无法降低到零。
事实上,与 Optimistic 执行相比,ZK 证明的成本相当高。如果智能合约执行按位与运算,则 Optimistic 系统的每个验证器都只会执行按位与运算。ZK 证明者需要执行按位与指令,然后执行大量昂贵的密码操作来证明按位与指令的结果。如果 Alice 和 Bob 去买水果,Alice 买了一颗葡萄,Bob 买了一颗葡萄和一个西瓜,那么 Alice 的成本永远低于鲍勃。
在 Optimistic Rollup 和 ZK Rollup 中,普通节点需要执行每笔交易,以便了解链的演化历史,所以这部分没有什么不同。
所以,Optimistic 的成本较低。
Optimistic 更简单
在软件工程中,尤其是在安全工程中,越简单越好。复杂性增加了安全风险,并使一切变得更慢、更困难。
毫无疑问,Optimistic 证明比 ZK 证明更简单。Optimistic 证明很容易被开发人员理解,而 ZK 证明依赖于复杂的数学以及深奥而微妙的密码学定理,而这些定理很少有人理解。即使是教授密码学的教授也必须努力理解 ZK 证明系统。
Optimistic 更灵活
证明对于任何 L2 都是必要的。但证明并不是用户和开发人员想要的唯一。他们想要新功能,并且这些功能可以更轻松、更快速地构建在 Optimistic 系统上。
一个很好的例子是 Arbitrum Stylus,它允许开发人员使用 Rust 和 C++ 等通用语言编写智能合约,并在 WASM 虚拟机中运行这些程序,它们与 EVM 合约在同一条链上,具有完全的可组合性。像 Stylus 这样的功能构建起来具有挑战性,需要将两个虚拟机集成到一个无缝系统中。
可以在 Optimistic 系统中构建此类功能的原因之一是 Optimistic 实现可以使用标准编程语言和工具,这使得开发软件变得更加容易。相比之下,ZK 需要不同的编程工具,要么手动构建 ZK 电路,要么使用某些中间编译器将所有内容简化为电路。定制工具和编程方法使用起来总是更慢、更麻烦,这意味着整个系统的发展进度更慢。
Optimistic 系统的简单性能转化为更大的灵活性以及更快的演化速度。
最终确定时间相同
人们经常询问 Optimistic Rollup 和 ZK Rollups 的最终确定时间,答案是它们是相同的。
当交易的结果完全确定并且协议中的所有参与者都知道结果时,交易就具有了最终性。Rollup 链,无论是 Optimistic 链还是 ZK 链,都分两个阶段运行:首先,排序器发布并记录已到达链的交易序列;其次,执行结算层按顺序逐笔计算并证明执行交易的结果。当交易在交易序列中具有最终确定的位置时,最终性就达成了,此时交易的结果完全由最终确定的交易序列决定,并且每个人都知道该结果。
因为最终性是由发布到以太坊的排序器的输出决定的(这一点,Optimistic 和 ZK 过程相同),而不是证明者,所以 Optimistic 和 ZK 系统具有完全相同的最终性行为。
跨链通信时间
ZK 具有先天优势的地方在于跨链通信的延迟,即一条链上的合约需要多长时间才能将消息无需信任地发送到另一条链上的合约。
可替代资产(ETH 或代币)的跨链转移通常通过快速桥接服务进行,其操作不依赖于 Optimistic 证明与 ZK 证明,因此普通用户不会看到跨链资产转移时间有任何差异。
对于其他类型的跨链消息,ZK 可以更快,因为 ZK 链可以比 Optimistic 链更快地将其状态检查点(checkpoint)到父链(即 L2 的以太坊)。这意味着,如果发送链使用 ZK 证明,则对于资产转移以外的用例,去信任的跨链消息传递将会更快。
目前还不清楚这种差异到底有多重要。如今,绝大多数跨链活动都是资产转移,用户体验没有太大差异。
结论
对我来说,答案很明确:Optimistic 的优势(低成本、简单性和灵活性)比 ZK 的优势(非资产转移跨链功能的速度)更为突出。
这就是为什么 Arbitrum 仍在使用 Optimistic 证明。

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