以太坊合并在即,关于PoS和PoW的4个常见误解需要澄清

BanklessPublished on 2022-04-01Last updated on 2022-04-01

Abstract

摆脱现实物质因素,PoS才是去中心化世界的未来。

摆脱现实物质因素,PoS才是去中心化世界的未来。

今年夏天,工作证明(PoW)以太坊区块链将与现有的权益证明(PoS)信标链(Beaconchain)“合并”。这次即将到来的网络升级将从以太坊移除PoW,并以目前守护信标链的PoS共识机制取而代之。这种向PoS的转变将是区块链网络升级历史上最重要的一次,不只影响技术、货币,还有(链上)经济和社会,并牵扯到多方利益角色。这也难免引发误解、FUD恐慌情绪和批评。

本文将澄清四点关于以太坊PoS的常见误解,阐述为何PoS共识机制的优势被严重低估。

1.哪种机制的资本回报更公平?为什么这很重要?

PoS经常被批评为“让富人变得更富”的系统,因为PoS类似于金融资产的复利。“如果你有钱,你赚资本的速度比穷人吃土的速度快。”

通过让ETH成为提供网络安全性的资本资产,PoS程序化地保证为所有股东提供相同的回报率。事实上,拥有更多的ETH并不会产生更高的回报率。相反,在PoW中,拥有更多的资本确实会产生更高的收入回报。

以比特币矿场为例,将1美元的资本从价值1美元的比特币哈希率分开需要额外步骤:购买硬件、硬件损耗、电力消耗、建造设施、矿机冷却等等。每一步将1美元的资本和1美元的哈希率分开,都是经济规模的体现,也使得资本充足的集团比普通个人更有优势。

通过减少这些额外步骤,PoS成为公链中最公平的共识机制。

PoS可以让你在家中躺平质押ETH,而PoW更偏向“劳动致富”。PoW迫使你从沙发上跳起来,抄起武器,加入规模经济的竞争,这既提高安全性,也将资本集中到一个新的网络控制玩家的寡头垄断中。这还是传统市场的竞争模式,终将导致精英与大众之间的结构性失衡。

采用PoS后,将100万美元投资于ETH将获得与1000美元投资相同的复利率。这是未来科幻技术(Sci-FiTech)竞争模式。

不过,PoS中也存在些许“规模效率”。大型验证机构可以负担更频繁的交易,从而提高长期收益率。随着利害关系的增加,监视验证器的成本也会增加。因此,拥有更好的电脑和网络状态可能是一笔聪明的投资。

2.PoW和PoS产生的货币的类型是什么?共识机制是否影响资产性质?

有一种说法是,与能源消耗的正式挂钩使PoW货币变成了“商品货币”。“利用资产获得资产权益”将PoS货币变成了“权益货币”。

ETH既有类似商品的特征,也有类似权益的特征。而比特币基本上两者都没有。下面,我们分5个细节来厘清这点。

(1)商品:

区块链产生的“商品”就是区块空间。

苹果卖iphone,谷歌卖广告,区块链卖区块。在区块链上购买交易空间需要花钱,并且你需要使用每条链对应的货币来购买区块空间。BTC是唯一可以购买比特币区块空间的代币,ETH是唯一可以购买以太坊区块空间的代币。这将为每个链的区块空间的需求提供相应数量的货币需求。

正由于资产对区块空间具有垄断性(独一性),因此区块空间的特征被注入到资产的性质中。

(2)比特币和以太坊的一个关键区别:

除了必须使用BTC购买比特币区块空间外,区块空间和资产之间没有正式关系。相比之下,EIP-1559将对以太坊区块空间的需求转换为对以太坊资产的需求。

购买比特币区块空间将BTC发送给矿工,这笔BTC最终在二级市场上被出手掉(以支付挖矿成本)。而购买以太坊区块空间会燃烧ETH(通过EIP-1559),将其消耗并从供应中移除,就像购买商品一样。这让ETH体现了以太坊区块空间的商品价值。

由于比特币的主要用途是持有BTC,因此对比特币区块空间的需求通常并不大。转账可能对区块空间有需求,但比特币的价值并不在于比特币的转账,在于2100万个单位的恒定总供应量。

(3)权益:

PoW支持者往往会强调是PoS赋予ETH权益特征。我确实认为ETH具有类似权益的特性,但这些特性并不来自于共识机制。ETH的价格通过两种机制正式与以太坊网络的价值挂钩建立“权益”关系:

EIP-1559;

DeFi的质押品需求。

(4)质押品:

ETH是DeFi最原始的质押品。ETH的免信任属性比任何其它资产更能满足DeFi的需求,这使得DeFi市场规模的增长导致ETH价值的增加。“去中心化金融”也可以被称为“免信任金融”,为了在这些金融产品的早期体现出免信任,需要超额质押。

随着DeFi应用程序数量和效用的增长,更多的ETH被要求作为质押品。DeFi效用转化为ETH需求,将以太坊网络的价值与二级市场上ETH的价格联系起来。最终,以太坊的价格是衡量以太坊提供的商品和服务的价值,这听起来很像权益。

比特币不具备托管DeFi应用程序的能力,也没有这种网络和资产之间的链接。

(5)EIP-1559:

类似于前面提到的给ETH注入商品属性,EIP-1559也给ETH注入了类似权益的属性。以太坊上的每个应用都会产生一些使用动机,从而创造对以太坊区块空间的需求。EIP-1559通过为每笔交易消费ETH,将经济活动的价值与ETH需求联系起来。

相比之下,比特币不是一种商品,是2100万个单位。它没有获得比特币网络增长的好处,所以它也不是权益。

3.PoW与PoS的治理与权力差异:

共识机制如何影响治理结构?权益证明是否将治理权赋予质押者?

不要将以太坊的权益证明与链上治理混为一谈。

比如Tezos和Decred都是具有链上代币治理的链,Tezos是PoS,Decred是PoW/PoS的混合。可见,共识机制与代币治理之间没有关系。PoW中的“工作”对治理的影响没有PoS中的大。

不是工作将人类治理从加密经济系统中消除,而是密码学。加密系统使用加密技术来减少人类的管理,而不是共识机制。

InvestmentStrategy创始人LynAlden曾发推称:

工作是唯一可以减少或消除治理的东西。PoW系统可以是一种商品。PoS本身就是一种权益。我喜欢权益。但权益不是商品。

投资大规模的挖矿设施,在未来十年以折扣价开采BTC,这样你就可以将这些利润再投资到额外的挖矿设施,这不是“工作”。

PoS确实需要工作。验证器实际上必须进行真正的计算才能推动网络向前发展。就像PoW一样,PoS验证计算机的CPU在处理嵌入区块链的交易时会加热并释放能量。不同之处在于,PoS验证的所有计算都是有用的,而不仅仅是通过产生无意义的哈希来消耗比其它计算更多的电力。

由于其资源密集性,PoW受到了来自地方政府(如哈萨克斯坦)和其他领域哈希算力大户的不满。由于PoW依赖于供应链、建筑、能源消耗和其它实体,实际上,PoW将自己置于正在管理实体世界的当前世界治理结构之下。

Crypto是为了构建未来的数字世界,实体化是一个不利因素。

4.处理51%攻击:

PoW和PoS分别如何从51%攻击中满血复活?

PoW机制下,一旦某人积累了51%的哈希算力,就没有什么可以阻止他们持续不断地攻击公链。他们可以反复攻击这条链,目标是使它失去公平记账功能。

在51%攻击的情况下,如果诚实的矿工不能获得额外的哈希功率,那么攻击者就可以完全控制涉及的交易。

再来看PoS,ETH是虚拟的ASIC芯片。虚拟ASIC有一些重要的优点:

(1)ETH降低了参与者获得好处的门槛。

PoW支持者声称,这造成了结构集中化。因为验证器不会改变,而矿工需要在硬件、设施和运营成本上的投资而不断运转。

PoS支持者声称,这使散户更有话语权,因为维持算力市场份额的只有那些拥有特权知识、政治关系和大量资本的人。PoS接受了所有这些挑战,并将它们囊括在ETH的价值中,让那些能够简单地持有和质押ETH的人享受到这些好处。

(2)ETH是无限可移动的,最大程度去中心化,并且没有实体。

在现实世界中,质押的ETH并没有实体。这使得PoS网络对攻击更具韧性。PoW的挖矿设施则受现实因素(军队、政府、洪水)的影响,不能轻易地自行撤离。

(3)以太坊对ETH有善恶鉴别能力。

与ASIC芯片不同,ETH是注册在以太坊网络上的。以太坊网络可以识别恶意和诚实的利益相关者。在PoS攻击中,攻击来自于持有特定ETH的特定地址,该ETH被用来攻击网络。每个人都能看到可能攻击以太坊的被质押的ETH的初始来源。因此,以太坊可以识别攻击者链上地址并协调于某个区块高度“分叉”掉攻击行为。

到了PoW这里,一旦出现51%攻击。我们要先与ASIC芯片制造商和供应链协调,尽快提高ASIC芯片的产量,再将ASIC芯片运送到具有资源能力、又不在(不会)攻击网络的善意挖矿设施。因此,灭掉PoW51%攻击的“大火”所需的时间未知。

我认为,在区块高度上协调PoS网络比协调全球供应链(将新ASIC芯片运送到诚实的参与者手中)更容易。

从这个极端例子中也可以看出,对PoW链的控制归结为谁控制ASIC芯片生产和供应链。由于它与电力消耗的关系,谁控制了现实世界谁就控制了PoW链。比如年初哈萨克斯坦暴乱,算力受到巨大影响,哈萨克斯坦部署了世界上很高比例的比特币矿机。这是PoW与现实世界之间的联动。

而“固定”在以太坊网络上的ETH实际上并不存在于任何一台特定的计算机上。正在进行质押ETH的验证计算机可以被摧毁,质押的ETH可以被恢复,并在世界任何地方从私钥中重新部署。

这就是为什么PoS比PoW更去中心化的原因之一。没有供应链集中化,没有规模经济集中化,也没有大型挖矿设施集中化。

总结:别忘了初衷——去中心化

有的比特币爱好者声称比特币是世界权力的重构,比特币和PoW才是真正的创新。我认为任何提出这种观点的人都严重混淆了区块链设计的关键元素——去中心化。

我最喜欢的对比特币文化的批评之一是,当基础链不允许L1创新时,它就会转移到社会层面。而PoS已经被加密经济学前沿人士严格研究及论证过,并将作为有史以来最民主化的权力结构被载入史册。

通过权益证明(PoS),金钱和权力被有效公平地分配。该系统的设计就是为了实现这些目标。这是在最长的时间范围内保持去中心化的唯一方法。

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