Robinhood Ventures into L2, Focusing on RWA Tokenization

marsbitPubblicato 2026-02-12Pubblicato ultima volta 2026-02-12

Introduzione

In late January 2026, Robinhood CEO Vlad Tenev highlighted that the GameStop short squeeze incident five years earlier could have been avoided with blockchain’s real-time settlement capabilities. Shortly after, Robinhood launched the testnet of Robinhood Chain, an Arbitrum-based Layer 2 network focused on tokenizing real-world assets (RWA), including stocks, ETFs, and private assets. Built on Arbitrum Orbit, Robinhood Chain leverages Ethereum for data availability and uses ETH as its native gas token. The platform combines Ethereum’s security with custom compliance features, allowing Robinhood to enforce regulatory rules while maintaining interoperability with existing DeFi infrastructure. Prior to the testnet, Robinhood had already been testing tokenized stocks in Europe for eight months. These assets are structured as derivative contracts pegged to the price of underlying equities—not as direct ownership claims. The system supports features like dividend pass-through and on-chain minting/burning tied to user positions. Robinhood acquired necessary regulatory licenses, including MiCA and MiFID approvals, partly through its acquisition of Bitstamp. The platform aims to enable 24/7 trading, instant settlement, and global accessibility with low fees. However, challenges remain, including legal ambiguity around asset representation, centralization risks (with Robinhood Europe as the sole counterparty), and potential pushback from traditional institutions. Robinhood Chain rep...

At the end of January 2026, Robinhood CEO Vlad Tenev revisited the "GameStop short squeeze" that shocked Wall Street five years ago on social media, stating bluntly: if blockchain technology had been available for real-time settlement at that time, the infamous "pulling the plug" moment that angered countless retail investors could have been avoided.

Just two weeks later, Robinhood officially announced the launch of the Robinhood Chain public testnet based on Arbitrum, which will support the tokenization of real-world assets, including stocks, ETFs, private assets, and other financial instruments.

Architectural Choice: Why Arbitrum?

In terms of architecture, Robinhood chose to build the Ethereum Layer 2 network Robinhood Chain based on Arbitrum Orbit, using Ethereum Blobs for data availability and ETH as the native Gas token.

Robinhood is well aware that it doesn't need to reinvent the wheel. Arbitrum offers EVM compatibility, allowing existing DeFi protocols and wallet infrastructure to migrate almost seamlessly. More importantly, Arbitrum Orbit enables Robinhood to build a "dedicated chain" that not only has independent governance and customizable logic (such as compliance checks) but also shares the unbreakable security consensus of the Ethereum mainnet.

This is crucial for Robinhood, which must meet financial regulatory requirements. It can implement compliance rules on-chain, restrict access for specific wallet addresses, while still leveraging Ethereum as the largest pool of capital.

Even more critically, as early as mid-2025, Robinhood had already been trialing its tokenized stock business on Arbitrum. The launch of its own chain on Arbitrum is a natural progression.

Robinhood’s Tokenized Stock Pilot

Prior to the launch of the Robinhood Chain testnet, Robinhood had been conducting an 8-month experiment with "tokenized stocks" in the European market.

At Consensus 2026, Robinhood Crypto General Manager Johann Kerbrat stated that Robinhood had launched approximately 2,000 tokenized stock and ETF products in the European market, covering mainstream U.S. stocks and ETFs. Future plans include tokenizing private equity, real estate, and artwork to enable 24/7 trading and instant settlement.

According to Dune data, as of February 9, the total value of Robinhood's tokenized stocks was $15.1 million, with a cumulative trading volume of $74.43 million. Admittedly, this volume appears relatively small.

How It Works: How Robinhood Puts U.S. Stocks "On-Chain" with Tokenized Stocks

· Underlying Architecture: These tokenized stocks were initially issued on Arbitrum and will eventually migrate entirely to Robinhood Chain.

· Nature of the Asset: These tokenized stocks are not actual ownership certificates but rather derivative contracts pegged to the price of the underlying stock or ETP. This means the tokens held by users track the performance of the U.S. stocks, but users do not own the corresponding shares.

· Issuance and Destruction Mechanism: When a user purchases a stock derivative contract on Robinhood, the platform immediately generates a corresponding fungible token on the blockchain, representing ownership of that contract. However, this token cannot be transferred to others. When the user closes the position, the platform destroys the corresponding token on the blockchain, which is immediately updated, rendering the token invalid.

· Dividend Pass-Through: Although users do not own the stock, Robinhood ensures dividend pass-through. When the underlying stock pays a dividend, the system automatically distributes the cash dividend to the investor's account.

· Regulatory Armor: Robinhood's ability to legally launch tokenized stocks in Europe is due to its thorough regulatory preparation:

1. In June 2025, Robinhood acquired Bitstamp for $200 million in cash. The core value of this acquisition lies in Bitstamp's Slovenian MiFID Multilateral Trading Facility (MTF) license.

2. In mid-2025, Robinhood obtained the EU MiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets) license and a Lithuanian MiFID brokerage license.

Consequently, Robinhood's tokenized stocks are custodied by Bitstamp.

In terms of trading门槛 and fees, these tokenized stocks have an extremely low barrier to entry, starting from just €1. Trading hours cover 5*24 (weekdays 24/7), and users can place orders in advance during non-trading hours, which will be executed automatically when the market opens. Regarding fees, Robinhood implements a zero-commission, zero-spread policy, charging only a 0.1% foreign exchange fee during transactions, minimizing user trading costs.

The "Second Half" of Financial Democratization

If Robinhood's first half was defined by "zero commission," its second half is about "eliminating the barriers of time and space."

The core narrative of Robinhood Chain lies in the comprehensive on-chain representation of RWA (Real World Assets). Its significance is reflected in three dimensions:

· 24/7 Market: Robinhood Chain brings U.S. stocks into the Crypto time dimension, freeing capital flow from the constraints of Wall Street's schedule.

· Instant Settlement: Faster trade confirmation speeds.

· Asset Composability: This is the biggest area of potential. Imagine not only holding Tesla stock but also depositing it into Aave or Compound as collateral to borrow USDC for buying coffee. The properties of assets are fully unleashed. Of course, currently, Robinhood's stock tokens cannot be transferred to other digital wallets or trading platforms.

· Permissionless: Robinhood Chain is designed to be permissionless and developer-friendly. Anyone can interact with the network, build applications, and deploy smart contracts.

· Erosion of Global Investment Barriers: An investor in Southeast Asia can participate in the growth红利 of top global companies through Robinhood Chain with minimal friction costs.

Unavoidable Challenges and Variables

However, the journey to the new frontier still faces several "high walls":

· Legal Ambiguity of Asset Definition: Currently exists as "derivatives" rather than direct tokenization of the underlying securities, leaving a layer of legal opacity.

· Robinhood Europe as the Sole Counterparty: Robinhood Europe is the sole counterparty for these financial derivatives, which could pose potential liquidity and credit risks due to counterparty concentration. However, Robinhood's official documents indicate that Robinhood hedges the risk of its issued U.S. stock derivatives by purchasing U.S. stocks or ETFs on a 1:1 basis.

· Ecosystem Closedness: Robinhood Chain currently exhibits strong centralized control attributes. Its terms of service clearly state that the platform can reset, restrict, or revoke access permissions for specific wallets at any time. While this design is necessary to meet compliance requirements, it also conflicts with the core spirit of Web3 decentralization, leading to controversy over "imbalance between compliance and decentralization." However, decentralization and compliance are somewhat inherently conflicting, which is understandable. Over the past few months, Robinhood's approach to opening up tokenized stocks has also been gradually expanding.

· Resistance from Third-Party Companies: Previously, OpenAI publicly stated that it "does not recognize" the legality of certain tokenized equities. This highlights the core矛盾 of RWA: the recognition of rights between third-party companies and the asset tokenizer (Robinhood).

Summary

The launch of the Robinhood Chain testnet did not trigger a狂欢 in the Crypto industry, but this might be a revolution happening quietly beneath the surface.

As a giant deeply entrenched in traditional retail finance like Robinhood begins to seriously布局 blockchain and promote the on-chain representation and trading of real-world assets, the clear boundary between traditional finance and crypto finance is gradually being blurred and dissolved.

Whether Robinhood Chain will become a super gateway connecting traditional finance and Web3, or fall into an isolated "silo" due to an excessive focus on compliance, remains to be seen over time.

Domande pertinenti

QWhat is the Robinhood Chain testnet based on and why was this architecture chosen?

AThe Robinhood Chain testnet is based on Arbitrum Orbit, building an Ethereum Layer 2 network. It was chosen because Arbitrum provides EVM compatibility, allowing for easy migration of existing DeFi protocols and wallet infrastructure. Furthermore, Arbitrum Orbit allows Robinhood to build a 'dedicated chain' with independent governance and custom logic (like compliance checks) while still sharing the security of the Ethereum mainnet, which is crucial for meeting financial regulatory requirements.

QWhat is the nature of the key mechanism behind Robinhood's tokenized stocks?

ARobinhood's tokenized stocks are not actual ownership certificates but are derivative contracts pegged to the price of the underlying stock or ETF. When a user buys a derivative contract, a corresponding fungible token is minted on the blockchain to represent ownership of that contract. This token is non-transferable. When the user closes the position, the platform immediately burns the corresponding token on the blockchain.

QWhat are the core regulatory licenses that enabled Robinhood to launch its tokenized stock product in Europe?

ARobinhood acquired the necessary regulatory licenses to operate in Europe, which include the Slovenian MiFID Multilateral Trading Facility (MTF) license obtained through its acquisition of Bitstamp, an EU MiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets) license, and a Lithuanian MiFID brokerage license.

QWhat are the three main value propositions or core narratives of the Robinhood Chain for Real World Assets (RWA)?

AThe three main value propositions of the Robinhood Chain for RWA are: 1) 24/7 market operation, bringing stocks into the crypto time dimension. 2) Instant settlement with faster transaction confirmation speeds. 3) Enhanced asset composability, allowing assets like tokenized stocks to potentially be used as collateral in DeFi protocols, thereby unlocking new financial utility.

QWhat are some of the primary challenges and criticisms facing the Robinhood Chain initiative?

AKey challenges and criticisms include: the legal ambiguity of the assets being structured as derivatives rather than direct tokenization of the underlying securities; the concentration of counterparty risk with Robinhood Europe being the sole counterparty; the ecosystem's perceived centralization and closed nature due to compliance-driven controls, which conflicts with Web3's decentralized ethos; and potential resistance from third-party companies who may not recognize the legality of tokenized versions of their equity.

Letture associate

7 Months After the Collapse of Huiwang, Southeast Asia's Escrow Platforms Undergo a Major Reshuffle

Following the collapse of Huione Pay—dubbed the "Alipay of Southeast Asia"—seven months ago, the region's underground financial guarantee platform sector is undergoing a significant reshuffle. This power vacuum has been swiftly filled by emerging platforms such as XinBi, Tiger/Navigator, JinBei (renamed JinBo), Dali/Tiancheng, and FullyLight. These platforms, operating largely via Telegram and offering services like escrow for illicit transactions, have absorbed the vast user base and markets left behind by Huione. While positioning themselves as "trust intermediaries," their primary clientele consists of networks involved in online scams, money laundering, illegal gambling, and even human trafficking. For instance, the Tiger/Navigator platform explicitly provides "escrow" services for kidnapping-for-ransom operations ("强押车交易"). Data underscores the immense scale: Huione alone processed over $103 billion in cryptocurrency payments and facilitated over $31 billion through its escrow market before its downfall, linking it to Cambodia's notorious Prince Group. Since its collapse, competitors have seen explosive growth. For example, the XinBi platform has accumulated over $1.6 billion in total USDT revenue, while platforms like NewPay, OkPay (under Dali), and FullyLight Wallet collectively processed over $4.8 billion in USDT in a single year. This ecosystem thrives in regions like Cambodia and Myanmar, where regulatory gaps allow these platforms to act as critical financial infrastructure for sprawling cybercrime industries, from scam compounds to online casinos. The article concludes that the moniker "Southeast Asian Alipay" is a misnomer, obscuring the platforms' fundamental role in enabling serious criminal enterprises rather than representing legitimate financial innovation.

Odaily星球日报2 min fa

7 Months After the Collapse of Huiwang, Southeast Asia's Escrow Platforms Undergo a Major Reshuffle

Odaily星球日报2 min fa

The Changing Landscape: What Are Crypto VCs Experiencing?

Title: The Shifting Landscape of Crypto Venture Capital The era of dedicated crypto venture capital funds is undergoing a significant transformation. Once essential for navigating the sector's complexity and high risk, these specialized funds are now facing an identity crisis as the market matures. This shift mirrors historical patterns in other specialized investment classes like cleantech and SPACs, where initial information advantages dissipate as technologies become mainstream and integrated into existing industry frameworks. The article argues that crypto is reaching a critical inflection point, transitioning from a "building phase" to an "integration phase." Major players like Stripe, BlackRock, and Visa now engage with crypto not for its novel mechanics but as a foundational financial infrastructure. Their needs—regulatory compliance, banking partnerships, distribution channels—align with traditional fintech, a domain easily understood by large, generalist funds like Sequoia and Founders Fund. This evolution creates a "barbell effect" within the VC landscape. On one end are massive, diversified platforms that can incorporate crypto as one vertical among many. On the other are small, nimble funds focused on niche, experimental projects. The middle ground—medium-sized dedicated crypto funds—is being squeezed out. Their typical fund size makes it impossible to generate sufficient returns solely from early-stage crypto bets, yet they cannot compete with giants for later-stage deals. Consequently, leading crypto-native firms like Paradigm and Framework Ventures are expanding into AI, robotics, and other sectors, driven partly by LP pressure for better returns amid a broader VC DPI crisis. Others, like Dragonfly and a16z, have narrowed their crypto focus predominantly to financial infrastructure like stablecoins, reframing the sector's core narrative. For crypto entrepreneurs, this consolidation presents challenges. While generalist funds offer larger checks and broader resources, crypto projects now compete fiercely with AI for attention and capital within these firms. Furthermore, the long-term, non-commercial foundational work that built the ecosystem—funded by dedicated crypto VCs—is less likely to attract generalist capital focused on direct returns. The conclusion is that "crypto investor" as a standalone category is becoming obsolete, akin to "internet investor." Crypto is becoming a baseline infrastructure layer. The future will see a barbell structure: large-scale growth financing handled by generalist funds, while pioneering, speculative projects are funded by small, specialized vehicles. The dedicated crypto funds of the 2017-2021 boom, which incubated core infrastructure, are giving way to this new, bifurcated reality.

Foresight News19 min fa

The Changing Landscape: What Are Crypto VCs Experiencing?

Foresight News19 min fa

As Consensus Accelerates, What Are Young Investors Betting On?

Title: As Consensus Forms Faster, What Are Young Investors Betting On? In the rapid evolution of tech investment, a new generation of young investors is navigating a landscape where AI, robotics, commercial aerospace, and quantum computing are advancing simultaneously. Traditional investment logic based on financial models is giving way to a need for deep technical understanding and the ability to act before industry consensus forms. An analysis of trends from the "WAIC FUTURE TECH" list of young investment leaders reveals key shifts in focus. The first major trend is the movement of AI from the digital screen into the physical world. Investment is shifting from large language models and chatbots towards embodied AI, robotics, AI hardware, and edge computing. While demonstrations generate excitement, the real challenge lies in achieving scalable, reliable, and cost-effective delivery in complex real-world environments like factories and logistics. Success depends not just on algorithms but on the integration of sensors, actuators, and control systems. Second, the competitive focus for large models is moving beyond raw capability toward building an "intelligence flywheel." The goal is to create self-reinforcing systems where user interaction generates data, improving the model, which in turn enhances the user experience and attracts more engagement. Companies that successfully embed AI into workflows to create these closed-loop systems can build lasting value that isn't easily erased by the next model upgrade. Third, facing a potential bottleneck in high-quality human-generated data, investors are looking at new underlying technologies. Reinforcement learning and self-play, as demonstrated by AlphaGo Zero, offer paths for AI to generate its own experience. Scientific foundation models, which aim to build general AI capabilities for fields like life sciences and materials discovery, represent a non-consensus direction that could unlock new frontiers of knowledge and data. Finally, in deep-tech areas like quantum computing, commercial aerospace, and space-based infrastructure, patient capital is essential. These fields have long, uncertain development and validation cycles involving complex engineering, supply chains, and regulations. Investment here requires a long-term view, focusing on foundational team capabilities and the eventual emergence of market demand, even if commercial returns are distant. Collectively, these trends illustrate how young investors are adapting to a new era. They are learning to make earlier, technically-informed judgments, balance hype with real-world viability, and provide the patient capital needed to build the deep-tech foundations of the future.

marsbit47 min fa

As Consensus Accelerates, What Are Young Investors Betting On?

marsbit47 min fa

Unlocking $100 Million in Liquidity? Pump.fun's New Policy Tests the 5-Minute Pump Technique

Foresight News, July 21 – Pump.fun has launched its new "BOOST" mode as the standard launch mechanism for new tokens. The core of BOOST is to address the issue of "dead liquidity." Historically, when a token migrates from its bonding curve to a liquidity pool, roughly 20% of its liquidity becomes permanently locked and unusable, a problem the platform estimates costs over $100 million annually. The new mechanism redirects this 20% of funds, which would have been locked, to instead be used for a 5-minute Time-Weighted Average Price (TWAP) buyback of the token immediately after migration. The purchased tokens are then permanently burned. For example, this means reserving 17.6 SOL for SOL pairs or about $2516 for USDC pairs at migration. This creates a short-term buying pressure and reduces the token's supply. The goal is to improve the immediate post-launch performance of memecoins, potentially increasing trader retention and transaction volume on the platform. However, critics warn this could lower the bar for token launches, encouraging low-quality projects, and that the brief 5-minute buy pressure might lead to sharper price crashes once it ends if followed by large sell-offs.

Foresight News56 min fa

Unlocking $100 Million in Liquidity? Pump.fun's New Policy Tests the 5-Minute Pump Technique

Foresight News56 min fa

What Signals Can Be Read from the Trading Data of India's Largest Asset Manager SBI's IPO?

India's largest asset manager, SBI Funds Management, successfully listed on July 21 with a nearly $10 billion IPO, attracting approximately 42 times subscription. However, the first-day closing price rose only about 6.3%, falling short of the 16% premium anticipated in the grey market. This signals robust demand for core Indian financial assets but also disciplined pricing, indicating the IPO market is selectively open for strong brands with clear growth narratives. The low reported underwriting fees, which led some global banks to reduce participation, highlight a shift in pricing power towards powerful issuers like SBI. Its strong brand, banking parent, and stable cash flows reduced reliance on traditional investment banking sales channels, with local brokers playing a larger role. This fee dynamic may not be replicable for weaker issuers. SBI's performance is seen as a key test for India's IPO pipeline, including potential future large listings like Reliance Jio and NSE. Its success with tempered gains sets a new price anchor: high-quality assets can launch, but excessive valuation premiums are constrained. The true measure of a sustained market reopening will be whether subsequent major offerings can proceed smoothly at reasonable valuations.

marsbit1 h fa

Trading

Spot