为 Curve 带来 0 费率?稳定币 crvUSD 的新机制解读

链茶馆Pubblicato 2022-12-01Pubblicato ultima volta 2022-12-01

Introduzione

上周 Curve 为了应对 CRV 被做空,适时发布了已经预告了很久的稳定币 crvUSD 的白皮书,虽然只是初稿。

上周 Curve 为了应对 CRV 被做空,适时发布了已经预告了很久的稳定币 crvUSD 的白皮书,虽然只是初稿。

8 月份链茶馆在《USDC 被冻结,我们需要什么样的稳定币?》中表示,AAVE 和 Curve 的稳定币跟 MakerDAO 的 DAI 没有本质上的区别(虽然一定能找出细节上的差异),但 AAVE 和 Curve 推出自己的稳定币,是一种重新调整自己的生态位的尝试——成为介于产品和公链之间的协议簇。

现在可以根据白皮书来验证一下当时的判断——就稳定币本身而言,确实没有本质上的区别,crvUSD 和 DAI 都是存入波动性资产然后贷出锚定美元的抵押型稳定币。

但不得不承认,crvUSD 在机制上的创新确实让人眼前一亮,我认为这种为抵押稳定币而设计的机制也适用于各种资产的抵押借贷。

一个核心组件和两个关键配件

DeFi 领域还没有建立起(而且也不确定是否应该建立)信用市场,因此借贷是以超额抵押的方式进行。局限性是资本效率低,以及抵押品容易在行情波动中清算。

针对资本效率低,出现了两种解决方案。

首先是杠杆借贷,仅限于在指定 AMM 池挖矿,这个需求随着 DeFi Summer 的结束而消退了。另外也有引入了外部的信用市场,仅限于给金融机构服务,不过最近许多头部中心化加密机构在破产的边缘,至少说明该方案的时机还未到。

至于针对 DeFi 借贷容易被清算的问题,则很少有人去挑战它,Curve 推出的 crvUSD 中关于抵押借贷的机制,应该是目前的最优解(理论上的)。

原本的超额抵押借贷机制,存款人的池子与借款人的抵押池是隔离开的,清结算只有在借款人主动还款或者系统自动触发清算时才发生。所以为了应对市场剧烈波动,就会要求远超实际借款的抵押率,并且即使在还没有达到资不抵债的情况下也有可能被清算。

crvUSD 直接另起炉灶提出了另一种抵押借贷机制,主要有一个核心组件和两个关键配件。

LLAMMA 机制——让算法来当实时清算人

LLAMMA 是一个特殊目的的 AMM 算法,即 Lending-Liquidating AMM algorithm(借贷 - 清算 AMM 算法),顾名思义是为了解决超额抵押借贷的瞬时清算问题,让借款人的资金更安全。

简单来说,LLAMMA 机制就是直接把存款人的稳定币池子和借款人的抵押池通过 AMM 机制联动在一起。AMM 还是我们理解的那个 AMM,但Curve 额外给 AMM 设置了一套清算机制,让这套机制来承担清算人的角色。

以 ETH/crvUSD 为例,每当抵押品 ETH 的价格跌破清算价(哪怕只低于 1%),就可以实时自动清算(卖出相应的 ETH 换取 crvUSD),价格回涨的时候又实时自动回购(把 crvUSD 换成 ETH),即使到达清算价并继续往下跌,借款人的仓位里也有足够的 crvUSD。

但需要注意的是,反复清算 / 回购会给存款人带来无常损失,但这部分损失可以直接在去中心化期权平台上给对冲掉,相信上线后会有对应的小工具出现。

Liqudity Band——把风险隔离在不同波段

当然,LLAMMA 算法并不是每一秒都在执行清算,这样成本太高,因此就给了借款人设置波段的权限。

借款人在抵押时,可以自行设定执行清算的价格区间(至少 5 个,最多 50 个),当抵押品价格跌进第一个区间,就会清算这个区间内的抵押品,如果又涨回就重新买入对应的抵押品。

那么肯定是直接设置 50 个价格区间最安全,但不同的价格区间不仅是用来表示清算,同时也意味着借款人存入抵押品的价格,也就是说,价格区间不同,借出的 crvUSD 也会不同。

这个功能在操作上有点类似于开合约时提前设置好止盈止损点。

Liqudity Band 是对目前区块链网络性能的妥协,如果 LLAMMA 机制是应用在互联网金融产品上,Liqudity Band 就会毫无必要。

「绝热」预言机——插针无效的价格曲线

如果说 Liqudity Band 是第一道保险杠,尽力避免行情剧烈波动时进行不必要的清算,那么预言机则是另一道保险杠,防止插针带来清算。

其实 Curve V2 就推出了“内部价格预言机”,那是根据 Curve 的历史价格和最新交易价格等综合得出的参考价格,是一个更加平滑的函数。

对 Curve 未来的影响

crvUSD 上线后会就有 CRV 激励,这为 Curve War 带来了新战场。

如果只是新增了一个与核心业务无关的战场,其实并不会改变战争的走向,但 crvUSD 的机制非常利好 Curve 的核心业务——稳定币兑换。

如前所述,LLAMMA 机制的 AMM 还是我们理解的那个 AMM,只是 Curve 额外给 AMM 设置了一套清算机制来扮演清算人的角色,然后清算人在 AMM 上进行清算或者回购。

也就是说,这个 AMM 池(如 ETH-crvUSD)跟现在 Curve 上的其它 AMM 池没有本质上的区别,都是开放给所有人进行交易的。

不同的是,由于这个 AMM 池也承担着 crvUSD 的清算池,必然对资金费率会非常敏感,因此大概率交易费用接近于 0,甚至直接为 0(现在是 0.04%)。那么这一定会进一步巩固 Curve 作为稳定币 DEX 的地位,并加剧下一轮牛市里 Curve War 的激烈程度。

最后再升华一下(说点虚的),一个成功的产品 / 组织,往往会抑制不住扩张的诱惑,然后搞一堆与核心业务关系不大的甚至需要输血的业务出来,一般必然失败(当然这也是创业者的机会之所在),Curve 团队则表现出了战略上的聚焦以及战术上的专业。

由于 crvUSD 的白皮书还只是个草稿,不能断定一定能成功,但至少根据目前的信息来看,的确是基于之前技术积累而推出的新一代产品(无论是针对稳定币还是借贷),而且该产品的成功会反哺核心业务。

截止发稿时,Uniswap 上线了 NFT 交易聚合器,只是单纯利用作为头部的流量来变现,有一种「这块蛋糕不吃白不吃」的感觉……

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