NFT:一枚互联网“游戏代币”

火星财经Pubblicato 2022-03-14Pubblicato ultima volta 2022-03-14

Introduzione

对于创作者而言,NFT很好地保护了他们的劳动成果——不被“海盗”零成本分享给别人。对于买家而言,也好处多多。

“元宇宙”与NFT,两个听起来都有些玄乎的投资理念。不同的是,NFT已经开始挣钱了。眼下,NFT似乎比元宇宙实在。
NFT是Non-Fungible Tokens,中文常译为“不可同质化代币”或“不可替代代币”。它是一项区块链技术,也因而生成了一套规则,集合了各种对以往互联网规则、艺术品交易原则的颠覆。
NFT打破了互联网的“共享原则”。在互联网平台上,层级被打破、他人财产被“拿来”,诸多内容被众人零成本共享。这样,普及信息、知识、艺术、技术就不再有门槛……创造了这些信息、知识、艺术、技术的创作者分成了两派,不爱钱的乐得有好口碑;爱钱的自然愤怒得表示被盗版了。因而,互联网共享经济多少有点难做,视频网站会员涨价是迟早的事儿;共享的实体经济里只有充电宝盈利。
互联网发展半个多世纪以来,也算是“步入中年”,因而形成像NFT这样的规则导向的技术体系,是自然而然的事。这就好比十几岁听嘻哈还觉得不过瘾,50岁听巴赫感觉好太平。十几岁不冒进、五十岁不平和的人,多少是反常的。
NFT的规则,是对“海盗”的约束,是对“共享”设立门槛。就其流程而言,它首先做到了确权——就是明确了海盗最视而不见的“版权”归谁。A第一个在网上发布了作品,B第二个在这件作品上做了修改,C又联合了B,进行了第三轮加工——这些痕迹都会留在网上抹不去。打个比方,这就好比早年一张照片放上网,其用什么牌子的相机、什么型号的镜头、何时拍摄的、光圈等技术参数等,都一目了然且不可更改。这一互联网技术的运用,就是为作品留痕,而作家手稿、画家草稿等早就被历史湮没不可查,所以才有各种原作者打官司。这个确权过程,就体现了创作者及其创作轨迹的“不可替代”。
确权,是版权生意亦即文创产业盈利的根本。创意,是文艺作品的灵感。创意不成为版权,文艺作品就无法成为产品,不能成为产品,就是白辛苦。再打个比方,电影最初拍摄在胶片上,胶片缠绕成一个胶片盘,就是“拷贝”,音译自英语Copy——此时是名词。当电影故事成为胶片拷贝,就可以复制(Copy的动词就是“复制”),一旦被复制,就可以数一数卖掉几个,所以电影成为产业是基于其可以“卖拷贝”。至于版权的英语,就是“Copyright”,就是出自“拷贝的权利”。因而,无形的创意必须成为可供复制的内容,才能形成文化产业。这就是常被简称为“文创产业”的文化创意产业挣钱的根本。这也是日本动漫产业发达的根本原因——简言之,卡通形象就是一幅画,可以贴在各类商品上,12元成本的杯子因为贴上卡通头像可以卖到22元,这其中10元的差价就是文化附加值,10元中的若干百分比,就是创作这个头像的画家的版权收益。
现在青年艺术家通常都进行互联网创作——各种纸笔全都替换为电脑,故而创作的轨迹在网上有迹可循,这就明确了一件作品即便被身处地球两头的艺术家创作也说得清时间、地点、改了几次。所以,若有版权收益,谁占百分之多少也不需要吵架了。
对于创作者而言,NFT很好地保护了他们的劳动成果——不被“海盗”零成本分享给别人。对于买家而言,也好处多多。
买家不再仅有“独一份”的选择。以往的艺术作品都标榜“唯一”,故而“珍稀”,所以“价高”。那么只有一个巨有钱买家独乐乐地买回家去珍藏,其他人只能看看这幅艺术品的画册、明信片等文创产品。NFT在确权之后,可以设定把一张画分8000份至10000份的数字拷贝——亦即可以通过技术加密手段,让8000至10000人把这幅画作的高清版下载到自己电脑里,细细欣赏。而且,目前国内最常见的单价是19.9元——重在普及和参与,所以很容易拥有。甚而,回家自己把它打印成复制品,挂在墙上,可以乱真——当然是相对绘制材质不那么有颗粒感的卡通、动漫或后现代作品,这样的质感看不出与原作的不同。因为19.9元一份买回的数字版权,是一种拥有艺术品部分版权的“代金券、象征”——亦即Token的具体内涵,就好比是游戏机房的代币。
版权的特征是规定了时间、地域、使用范围等,且技术确保了有“代币”,因而,也具有“股票”“期货”的属性。这就使得NFT在经济收益上除了第一道10000份的收益之外,还可以融入金融市场。国外NFT的交易,直接与虚拟货币挂钩,故而时常卷入金融游戏,有耸人听闻的交易额。毫无疑问,此时,NFT的版权保护属性已经转化成可交易的“股票”“期货”了。
对资本的渴望是全人类的通病,这也是NFT和元宇宙为何如此风靡海外,但是大家多少有点云里雾里的根本原因。NFT增加了文化消费的方式,但是,投资有风险,投资需谨慎。

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