硬科技投资人,集体杀入放贷生意

marsbitPubblicato 2026-08-18Pubblicato ultima volta 2026-08-18

Introduzione

硬科技投资圈正掀起一股“过桥贷”热潮,投资人们不再仅仅追逐股权,而是将短期借款作为抢占优质项目的“敲门砖”。他们在合同中巧妙加入“贷转股”条款,允许将部分贷款按折扣价转换为下一轮股权,既为企业提供急需现金流,又为自己锁定了未来投资份额,近乎稳赚不赔。 这股风潮的背后,是具身智能、AI芯片等热门赛道融资过热、估值飙升的现实。头部企业吸走大部分资金,融资周期被极度压缩,老股东担心份额被稀释,于是用过桥贷提前“占坑”。对资金紧张的普通项目,过桥贷则成为续命工具,但条款往往更为严苛。 此举也被视为一级市场的集体避险行为。资本既不愿错过风口,又对高估值泡沫心存警惕,于是选择这种兼具债权安全与股权潜力的精明的中间路线。创业者虽能快速获得资金,但也需警惕合同背后可能隐藏的排他、折价等条件。这场游戏里,投资人带着合同在凌晨航班上奔波,已成为行业新常态。

凌晨的机场,一位投资合伙人订了当晚最后一班机票,行李箱里除了换洗衣物,还揣着一份连夜改好的合同。他要赶在天亮前,堵到一位具身智能创始人——准确说,是堵在对方办公室门口。创始人一整天被十几家机构的电话追着跑,索性关机躲清静,谁知道一开门,走廊里已经坐了两位投资人,其中一位手里的合同已经翻开在签字页。

这是今年硬科技融资圈里正在发生的日常。

过去,投资人堵门是为了多聊几句、多争取一点份额。现在,有人直接把一张过桥贷款的转账凭证拍在桌上:“先别管融资节奏了,这笔钱今天就能到账,你先拿去用。”

最早听说VC做过桥贷还是两年前。

某家母基金pr聊起来近况,提到“最近忙坏了,就是给被投过桥贷款。”彼时,IPO退出仍处在堰塞湖中,投资机构的钱也紧张,对于不确定的项目,都会慎之再慎。

一些企业融不到钱,资金链快断了,老股东不想继续投了,但不伸手帮一把,项目眼瞅就要完蛋。不得已,江湖救急,帮企业搞一笔过桥贷款应急。

可今年开始,过桥贷突然成了VC机构争相追逐的香饽饽。

最近的一场闭门会上,投资人私下聊起了一个新趋势——过桥贷。

“我们最近多了很多这样的项目,过去是没办法了要救急,现在觉得也能锁定项目。”

有VC合伙人一年内谈成好几笔过桥贷,聊起来比聊正经股权投资还眉飞色舞。业内一个挺传神的说法是,这门生意正在经历人设逆转。

以前它是ICU里的续命针,企业资金链快断了,老股东不情不愿地垫一笔钱,把项目从悬崖边拉回来;现在,它摇身一变,成了抢单的敲门砖。

一笔年化3%左右的短期借款,凭什么让手握重金的投资人这么上头?答案,藏在合同里一条不起眼的附加条款里。

拆解“贷转股”

过桥贷本身不新鲜。

机构借钱给被投企业周转,天经地义。

真正的杀招,是投资人会顺手在合同里塞一条“转换权”:等企业开下一轮融资,这笔贷款里的一部分可以直接转成股权投资款,甚至还能跟企业的经营节点挂钩——某项技术指标达标、某条产品线放量,转股额度还能再往上加。

这套设计对投资人几乎是稳赚不赔的买卖。

企业估值一路涨,投资人按当初借钱时锁定的“折扣价”转股,等于提前买了一张下一轮的入场券,价格还提前锁死了。

万一企业发展不顺,投资人也不亏,大不了不转股,老老实实收本金加利息,安全边际比纯股权投资高得多。

业内给这套操作起了个挺贴切的外号——“看涨期权”,只不过期权费换成了利息,行权价换成了下一轮估值的折扣。

这类操作能大摇大摆地做,也不是没有边界。

监管层其实早有规定,私募股权基金给被投企业提供借款或担保,期限不能超过一年,额度不能超过基金实缴规模的两成。

换句话说,这门生意天生带着“限购”属性,也难怪机构们抢着把这二成额度用足。

晚一步,坑位可能就被别人占了。

其实早在2018年前后,市场上就有类似打法,但目的更单纯——纯粹为了卡位。TS签了,正式协议还没落定,或者投前重组还得等,企业等钱下锅,机构就先垫一笔。

有时企业压根不缺钱,但为了把投资人焊得更牢,反倒是企业主动要求过桥。那会儿的贷款期限通常控制在半年以内,投资人最在意的,是转股权不受时间约束。

哪怕贷款到期了,也能单方面往后拖,企业则被要求不能提前还钱,不然投资人手里那张转股权就等于被作废了。

如今这套玩法被重新包装,投资人图的不再只是“锁定项目”,而是给潜在独角兽提前买一份“占坑险”。

企业靠“贷转股”甩掉了短期还款的现金流压力,投资机构则借此提前预定了下一轮的认购名额,不用担心被后面蜂拥而至的巨头稀释掉持股比例。

门生意火到什么程度?连银行都开始感到威胁。

有家做机器人核心部件的企业,同时在跟一家银行和自己的VC老股东谈钱。银行这边,客户经理跑了大半年流程,磨风控、跑现场、争取额度,好不容易把授信批下来,利率谈到了不错的水平,本以为是笔稳单。

结果打电话通知企业时,对方轻描淡写地回了一句:不好意思,我们已经收了VC的过桥贷了——利率差不多,但人家愿意把大半贷款直接转成股权,企业到手的现金压力反而更小。

银行这边想补救,翻出“投贷联动”的牌想跟一把,才发现政策规定银行最多只能认购企业2%的股权,跟VC动辄几百上千万的转股额度比起来,基本没有还手之力。

热钱围剿

过桥贷突然扎堆出现,说到底是一些赛道融资过热。

具身智能和AI芯片,是眼下最能“烧钱”也最能“吸金”的两条赛道

今年上半年,国内具身智能领域的融资总额已经超过去年全年——不同机构统计口径不完全一样,但落在四百多亿到近六百亿元这个区间、融资事件超过两百起,是比较一致的说法。

热闹背后是残酷的分层,排在前面的二十家公司,卷走了全行业大约七成的钱,剩下两百多家公司平均只能分到几千万,连塞牙缝都不够。

头部几家公司的估值已经站上200亿元关口,其中一家企业四个月就融了45亿元,相当于两百多家腰部、尾部公司融资总和的三分之一。

融资节奏能快到什么地步?

今年3月初的某一天,三家不同的具身智能公司几乎前后脚官宣完成新一轮融资,金额从几亿到二十多亿元不等——像是提前商量好了一样扎堆官宣,看得旁观者一愣一愣的。

有投资人私下吐槽过一个案例:一家脑机接口企业,上一轮的钱还没交割完,下一轮就已经启动,估值直接翻了两三倍。

类似情况不是孤例——不少硬科技项目前一轮融资款还没到账,后面两轮已经又谈完了。融资节奏被压缩成这样,老股东的心态可想而知:眼看着自己投的项目要开新一轮,认购额度却已经被别人抢没了。

头部公司融资非常热闹。一些特别热的项目,不能尽调,投资决策时间非常短暂。即便是这样,投资人也在抢。

对头部项目,投资人的姿态几乎是“跪着也要投”。不设对赌、不要求回购、不折腾尽调,能跟投就赶紧打款。

为了挤进去,机构不但不敢压估值,还得比谁能给的资源更多。供应链对接、地方政策补贴、客户撮合,甚至算力支持,能上的都得上。

连制造业巨头也下场了,有车企半年内一口气投了四五家具身智能公司。与其说是分散押注,不如说是提前给自己未来的产线买份保险。

有业内人士用三个词概括过去一年多这个行业的变化:加速、分化、重构。

也有人提醒,前一阵那波集体涌入,很大程度上是怕错过窗口期的“卡位式”投资,未必每一笔钱都押对了方向。

数据显示,今年一季度创投市场募资额同比涨了八成多,九成的钱涌向了AI、机器人、世界模型、量子科技、可控核聚变、集成电路、商业航天这几条赛道。

热钱扎堆有限的头部项目,直接后果就是融资周期被压得越来越短,估值涨得让人心里发毛。

过桥贷加“贷转股”,恰好给了老股东一个体面的补救方案。

用“兄弟先给你打钱烧着”的情分,提前锁定下一轮的保底额度。

企业拿到了当天到账的现金流,投资人锁定了防稀释的入场券;就算最后没谈拢,好歹落个“雪中送炭”的名声。

往深了说,这也是一种被逼出来的生存法则。大家都怕在这场击鼓传花的游戏里,成为鼓声停下时手里没花的那一个。

江湖救急,还是提前圈地?

在VC/PE的实际操作里,“过桥贷”主要出现在两种场景。

一种是项目极度抢手,用来提前锁定投资权。另一种是被投企业资金链紧张,老股东出手救急续命。

第一种玩法其实不是国内VC的原创,硅谷的顶级资本早就玩过。

典型套路是,在项目正式开启下一轮高估值融资之前,头部机构先给创始人一笔过桥借款或者SAFE协议,当期不定价,约定等企业触发下一轮融资时,按新一轮估值打个八折左右自动转成股权。

企业当天就能拿到现金去扩张招人,VC则借机在协议里塞进一条“排他权”。企业要是在排他期内被发现偷偷接触别的机构,过桥款通常要求几天内还清,还得搭上一笔不低的惩罚性利息。

一边是炙手可热的头部项目,VC捧着过桥贷当敲门砖,恨不得把钱直接塞进创始人口袋。另一边是拿不到新一轮的普通项目,老股东捏着过桥贷当“绞索”,条款一条比一条写得严实。

从“下注国运”式的买定离手,到“算尽边际”式的精打细算,这轮过桥贷热潮说到底是一级市场的集体避险。

资本既怕错过下一个人形机器人独角兽,又受够了没完没了的高估值泡沫和迟迟兑现不了的账面浮盈。

于是大家不约而同选了最精明的路子,把枪口对准未来的同时,先在腰上系紧一根防弹绳。

对创业者来说,这笔“当天到账”的钱确实诱人。

但天下没有免费的午餐。当投资人不再单纯凭信仰做股权赌博,每一份看似雪中送炭的借款合同背后,往往早就悄悄写好了排他、折价和退路。

至于开头那位堵在走廊里的投资人,最后有没有拿到那笔投资额度,没人知道。但可以肯定的是,下一个凌晨的航班上,还会有另一个人订好了机票。

本文来自微信公众号 “融中财经”(ID:thecapital),作者:阿布

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