"史上最强"之后,海力士开始难超预期了

华尔街见闻Pubblicato 2026-07-29Pubblicato ultima volta 2026-07-29

Introduzione

SK海力士二季度营收79.32万亿韩元、营业利润暴增557%,利润率76.3%刷新存储业历史纪录,毛利率83%已超越英伟达——却成了本轮超级周期中唯一miss共识的巨头。根源在于:HBM霸主地位反噬,50%收入被LTA长协锁定,现货狂涨时只能眼看三星、美光收割ASP弹性。这不是经营恶化,而是一场"用确定性换弹性"的主动选择。下半年HBM4放量,才是判断这笔交易值不值的真正答案。

SK 海力士今日交出了一份"史上最强"财报,却也成了AI存储牛市里最微妙的 miss。

2026 财年第二季度,海力士营收 79.32 万亿韩元,同比暴增 257%、环比增长 51%,看似无可挑剔,却低于市场预期约 5.5%(共识 83.9 万亿韩元);营业利润 60.54 万亿韩元,同比暴涨 557%、环比增长 61%,但同样低于共识约 5.7%(64.2 万亿韩元)。

营业利润率达到 76.3%,刷新存储行业有记录以来的最高水平;毛利率达到 83%——已超过英伟达(约 75%),逼近 Meta(约 82%)等软件平台巨头的盈利区间。

更耐人寻味的是市场反应:财报公布前,海力士股价已从 6 月 22 日高点累计下跌约 47%,财报公布后美股 ADR 先跌 5% 以上,随后转涨;韩国本地市场次日开盘涨 3-4%,随后暴跌。

一句话概括:数据绝对值创历史,但弹性不及预期,市场在"史上最强"与"不及预期"之间反复博弈。

为什么利润涨了 557% 还 miss?LTA 是答案

海力士 miss 的根源,藏在 HBM 超高收入占比里。

所谓 LTA(Long-Term Agreement,3-5 年期长期供货协议),是 AI 芯片客户与海力士等存储厂商签订的长期采购合约,价格在签约阶段即被锁定,不随现货市场每月波动。对于 AI 训练芯片出货量最大的英伟达而言,这种锁定关系是供应安全的保证;但对于海力士,它是一把双刃剑——当季 DRAM 平均售价(ASP)环比涨幅从第一季度的约 60% 骤降至约 30%,NAND ASP 涨幅也从约 70% 回落至 50-55%。

背后的算术很简单:海力士约 50% 的收入被 LTA 合约锁定,而 LTA 恰恰是它 HBM 份额最高的体现。与此同时,现货 DRAM 市场在同一个季度持续飙升——据 TrendForce 数据,二季度通用 DRAM 合约价环比上涨 58-63%,NAND 闪存价格上涨 70-75%,而海力士实际 ASP 涨幅仅为前者的一半左右,导致海力士"吃"到了成交量,却没能完全"吃"到价格上涨的弹性。韩国 KIS 证券在 7 月 13 日的报告中已提前预警这一矛盾,并将二季度营业利润预测下调至 60.4 万亿韩元——实际值 60.54 万亿韩元,几乎分毫不差。

需要强调的是,miss 不是经营恶化。恰恰相反,营业利润率从一季度 71.5% 进一步提升至 76.3%,绝对利润、营收、毛利率、营业利润率全部创历史新高。问题只在于:市场把预期打到了现货价上涨的路径上,而海力士选择了一条更稳、但也更不刺激的 LTA 路径。

三家巨头的分水岭:三星、美光 beat、海力士 miss

同一轮存储超级周期里,三家巨头的表现出现罕见分化。

三星电子二季度营收 171 万亿韩元,营业利润 89.4 万亿韩元,营收与利润双双 beat 共识。其 DRAM ASP 环比上涨超过 40%,NAND ASP 上涨至 mid-60%,HBM4 已于 2 月开始量产,销售额已超过 12 亿美元。三星在 HBM 赛道一度落后,但如今正以集团资源优势追赶。

美光科技(Micron)三季度财报则是一场大胜:营收 414.6 亿美元,比预期高 16%;非 GAAP EPS 25.11 美元,比预期高 22.5%;毛利率 84.9%,第四季度指引营收 500 亿美元(±10 亿)、毛利率约 86%。其 DRAM ASP 环比上涨 60% 以上,NAND ASP 上涨约 85%,均远超海力士。

而海力士在公司整体层面营业利润率最高(76.3% vs 三星集团 52% vs 美光约 68%),却是本季度唯一 miss 共识的厂商。需要指出,三星半导体(DS)部门利润率估计约 80%,高于海力士——但三星集团包含手机、显示等低利润业务,拉低了整体水平。这种反差说明:HBM 霸主地位带来了最高的公司级利润率和最稳定的客户关系,但也因为 LTA 锁定最强,现货涨价的弹性被压缩得最厉害。简言之,海力士用 ASP 弹性换了确定性。

HBM4 量产与下半年放量:ASP 弹性回归的催化剂

如果 LTA 是二季度 miss 的主因,那么 HBM4 的放量节奏就是下半年能否扭转预期的关键变量。

海力士在财报中确认,HBM4 已在第二季度开始量产发货,下半年将持续扩大出货规模;更先进的 HBM4E 样品已在 2026 年上半年交付客户。KIS 证券预测,HBM4 从三季度开始放量后,海力士的 ASP 将重新向市场平均水平靠拢。这意味着三季度 DRAM ASP 环比涨幅有望从 30% 的水平回升,LTA 锁定带来的"折扣"可能被部分抵消。

下游需求端,英伟达下一代 AI 加速器(Vera Rubin)的放量将直接拉动 HBM4 需求;同时,Agentic AI 应用的扩展正在把 AI 内存需求从训练端推向推理端。海力士管理层强调,当前客户需求仍然超过供给,公司的关键竞争优势在于能够满足大规模出货要求。换句话说,二季度的 ASP 折扣并非因为订单不足,而是因为合约价本身低于现货价——只要 HBM4 的出货结构改善,单位收入仍有显著上行空间。

在供给端,海力士的资本开支继续加码:2026 年全年 capex 预计在 40-50 万亿韩元的上沿,主要用于 M15X DRAM 工厂量产提速、P&T7 先进封装工厂、M17 NAND 生产基地,以及 2027 年初投产的龙仁半导体集群。截至二季度末,海力士现金储备暴增至 88 万亿韩元,净现金 69.4 万亿韩元(约 456 亿美元),资产负债表已经完全从周期底部翻身。

LTA 模式正在重塑存储行业的估值逻辑

短期看,LTA 让海力士在本轮现货涨价中跑得比三星、美光慢;长期看,它可能正在改变存储行业的估值方式。

传统上,存储行业被当作强周期股估值:ASP 涨跌决定利润率起伏,利润率又决定股价弹性。但 LTA 的普及让存储厂商的收入曲线变得更平滑——海力士 50% 收入被 LTA 锁定,美光已签署 16 份 SCA(战略客户协议)目标将 50% 以上收入转为长期合约,三星也在加速推进类似模式。

当 ASP 波动被压缩,市场定价的锚点就从"单季 ASP 涨幅"转向"高盈利可持续性"。这对海力士、美光等龙头而言,意味着估值中枢可能从"周期股"向"AI 基础设施资产"迁移。代价是:在超级周期的某些季度,股价弹性会显得"不够刺激";投资者需要适应的是,存储龙头的利润曲线将更像云服务或半导体设备公司,而非传统大宗商品存储厂商。

回到财务报表,有一个数字需要格外注意:海力士二季度净利润 93.92 万亿韩元,净利率高达 118%——超过 100% 是因为计入了以出售铠侠(Kioxia)股权为主的非营业收益合计约 62.17 万亿韩元(税前)。按公司有效税率约 23.5% 折算,该非营业收益的税后影响约 47.6 万亿韩元;扣除后,核心经营性净利润约为 46.3 万亿韩元。这一异常值不影响主营业务判断,但阅读时必须留意,避免误读为经营性净利率破百。

紧盯HBM4放量后的ASP涨幅

海力士这份财报的真正看点,不是 557% 的利润增长,而是 AI 存储牛市进入第二阶段后,行业定价机制发生的变化。

下季度最值得跟踪的不是营收能否再破纪录,而是HBM4放量能否把ASP涨幅重新拉回到与三星、美光同一条水平线上。

如果三季度 DRAM ASP 环比涨幅回到 40%-50%,那么二季度的 miss 就会被重新定义为"过渡性折价";如果 ASP 继续停留在 30% 附近,市场可能开始认真讨论 LTA 对存储龙头估值天花板的长期压制。

无论哪种路径,存储行业的估值逻辑都已经和两年前完全不同了。

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