小鹏、蔚来卷算力,理想换架构

marsbitPubblicato 2026-06-16Pubblicato ultima volta 2026-06-16

Introduzione

6月15日,理想汽车发布自研智驾芯片马赫M100,其特点在于采用动态数据流架构,区别于业界常见的冯·诺依曼架构。该设计旨在解决大模型推理中的数据搬运瓶颈,宣称在自家VLA2.1算法上,单颗芯片有效算力约为英伟达Thor U的3倍,延迟降低40%。该架构论文入选ISCA 2026工业分区,获得学术认可。 与蔚来、小鹏、华为等聚焦提升算力数字不同,理想选择从底层架构革新。马赫M100与理想自有算法深度绑定,实现了芯片、编译器、操作系统、AI算法、域控制器的全栈自研闭环,提升了软硬协同优化自主权,但也带来了未来技术路线切换成本较高的挑战。 发布会上,理想还提出“具身智能汽车”新定义,将竞争维度从配置转向系统能力。同时立下军令状:其智驾大模型马赫VLA将于今年第四季度全面对标特斯拉FSD V14,并给出了下半年分月的OTA升级具体目标。 目前理想面临营收下滑、毛利率收窄的财务压力,但研发投入保持高位。2026年销量目标为55万台,新车型L9 Livis市场反响良好,但整体销量增长仍需后续产品接力。马赫M100的架构创新能否经得起量产与市场的检验,今年7月的首次OTA和年底与FSD的对标将是关键考验。

6月15日,理想汽车在发布会上详细披露了自研芯片马赫M100的细节,这是它为新一代L9 Livis打造的自研智驾芯片。CTO谢炎强调:不能只造一颗比过去更快的芯片,而是需要造一种完全不同的芯片。这个“不同”说的便是芯片架构。

在车企扎堆自研芯片的2026年,TOPS是各家最惯用的宣传弹药。蔚来神玑NX9031、小鹏图灵、华为MDC 810 Pro,无一例外把算力数字放在最显眼的位置。理想选择的是从底层架构动刀。

马赫M100想证明的是,架构这件事比算力数字重要。但它对不对,还需要接受市场的检验。

01.算力通胀下的造芯分野

自研芯片这件事,已经是国内头部车企的共同选择。

蔚来神玑NX9031是全球第一颗5nm高性能智驾芯片,特别之处在于自研ISP,夜间1勒克斯低光条件下行人识别率比通用芯片高出40%,感知层做了专项强化。

小鹏的图灵芯片同样定制化明显,专门为小鹏自动驾驶大模型设计,还打算向飞行汽车和机器人延伸。

华为走的是另一条路,用昇腾做MDC,强调云端训练和车端推理完全对齐,“云端练一分钟,车端跟一分钟”。

这几家都是冯·诺依曼架构的变体:中央处理单元,数据在计算单元和内存之间往返搬运。制程越先进,搬得越快,但马赫M100想改变的是搬数据这件事本身。

02.动刀底层逻辑

冯·诺依曼架构在通用计算时代没什么问题,但大模型推理是另一种计算形态。VLM推理是大规模矩阵并行,不是顺序跑指令,瓶颈几乎全在内存带宽,数据反复进出内存的损耗,直接吞掉一大块有效算力。

动态数据流架构的思路是让数据沿计算图流动,不需要反复回存内存。理想给出的结果是,单颗马赫M100有效算力约为英伟达Thor U的3倍,端到端延迟降40%。

这个“3倍”能信几分?有一项外部验证可以参考。马赫M100的架构论文入选了ISCA 2026工业分区。ISCA是计算机体系结构顶级学术会议,工业分区的论文经过同行评审,架构设计细节是公开的,理想是该分区设立以来第一家入选的整车企业。

但3倍这个数字有它的前提。有效算力依赖具体workload,在理想VLA2.1这套算法上跑出的3倍,换一套体系未必成立。马赫M100是算法原生芯片,芯片和模型同步开发,针对自家算法深度适配。跑自家模型最强,跑通用任务不一定。

这和小鹏图灵的设计逻辑有相似之处,特斯拉FSD Chip也是这个路子。区别是,特斯拉和小鹏没有在架构层面做范式切换,马赫M100是在底层逻辑上动了刀。整车企业能不能把一套全新架构做到量产可靠,本身就是一个没有先例的挑战。

随着马赫M100上车,理想打通了芯片、编译器、操作系统、AI算法、域控制器的全栈自研。这个闭环在同行里不多见。

蔚来有自研芯片但OS依赖度不同,小鹏自研芯片但编译器和OS仍有外部依赖,华为是闭环的但它不是整车企业。理想这条链的战略含义在于,它让理想不被英伟达掐供应链,数据不出自己的平台,软硬协同的优化空间完全自主。

03.先占位“具身智能”

芯片只是发布会的主角之一。李想在发布会上还提出了“四位一体”的具身智能汽车定义:一辆电动车、一位职业司机、一台AI计算机、一位生活助手。

这和理想过去的品牌叙事跨度颇大。

2023年L9靠“大六座家庭SUV”打穿了30-50万市场,一代套娃产品线跟着起来。这个定位的问题是复制成本太低,问界M9、蔚来ES9、极氪9X都进来了,冰箱彩电大沙发成了行业标配,没有哪家拉得开差距,只剩价格战。

“具身智能汽车”把竞争维度从配置移到系统能力。在这个框架里,冰箱和后排屏是基础配置,差异点变成“谁的系统能感知、能思考、会成长”。品类定义本身就是战略资产,先说出来的人先占位。

理想给这套叙事配了一条相对完整的技术链条。马赫M100算力底座、马赫VLA2.1智驾大模型、马赫Mind-Pro和Mind-Edge端侧基座模型、星环OS全栈打通,每一层都有对应的产品落地。

发布会上演示了车辆随音乐律动、4D赛车模拟器、指挥泊车,这些是可感知的体验。李想在发布会上也说,自动驾驶只是具身智能“上半场”,通用人形机器人是“下半场”,但下半场的具体时间表和实现路径,还不明确。

04.Q4的军令状

发布会上还有一个关键表态,理想智驾大模型马赫VLA今年Q4将全面对标特斯拉FSD V14。

李想的一贯风格是公开承诺,用外部压力倒逼内部执行。说了Q4对标FSD V14,年底所有人都会拿这把尺子量。

路线上,理想和特斯拉选择高度同构:端到端+VLA大模型+纯视觉为主。华为走的是激光雷达+多传感融合+规则与神经网络混合的方案,短期工程化落地稳定,算力需求低。但长期来看,如果纯视觉+大模型路线最终胜出,华为的体系会面临更大的切换成本。理想押注和特斯拉同一条技术信仰,这个判断现在对不对,要等年底来看。

下半年OTA承诺具体到月份。7月智驾效率提升30%,9月实现窄路会车倒车让行,12月车辆反应速度缩至0.2秒。每个节点都有明确的技术指标,年底会有数据可以对照。

05.发布会之外的几组数据

理想目前财务面并不轻松。2025年Q4以来,理想营收同比下滑,车业务毛利率明显收窄。与此同时,2026年研发预算维持在120亿元左右,其中AI相关占比约50%,和2025年的113亿、50%占比基本持平。研发投入不减,盈利压力还在。

销量方面,理想2026年的目标是55万台。2025年实际交付40.6万台,5月单月交付3.3万台,同比仍在下滑。L9 Livis上市两周内获得超过1万台大定,50万以上市场表现稳定,但整体交付的量还需要L系列全系换代和纯电产品线在下半年接续释放。

芯片层面,马赫M100和自家算法深度绑定是设计选择,带来了软硬协同的效率优势。这同样意味着,如果未来技术路线需要调整,切换成本会高于使用第三方芯片方案的厂商。小鹏图灵、蔚来神玑面临类似情况,特斯拉FSD Chip同样如此,这是自研算法原生芯片的行业共性。

06.三季度见底牌

新L9上市、L8紧跟、7月OTA第一个节点,这些动作的初步成效都会在Q3财报里见分晓。

谢炎说,他需要造一种完全不同的芯片。架构论文通过同行评审,算是外部认可了这套设计思路。但从设计到量产,再到用户日常驾驶里的真实反馈,还有很长的路要走。7月OTA节点是第一次检验,年底对标FSD V14是更关键的一次。

本文来自微信公众号“强调Next”(ID:leo89203898),作者:一修,编辑:小白

Domande pertinenti

Q根据文章,理想汽车推出的自研芯片马赫M100的核心特点是什么?

A马赫M100的核心特点是采用了不同于传统冯·诺依曼架构的动态数据流架构。其设计思路是让数据沿计算图流动,减少在计算单元和内存之间反复搬运数据的损耗,从而提升有效算力并降低延迟。文章指出,在理想自家VLA2.1算法上,其有效算力约为英伟达Thor U的3倍,端到端延迟降低40%。

Q文章中提到小鹏和蔚来的自研芯片主要聚焦于什么方向?

A小鹏和蔚来的自研芯片主要聚焦于算力(TOPS)的提升和针对特定场景的定制化设计。蔚来神玑NX9031强调其自研ISP,以增强在低光等条件下的感知能力;小鹏图灵芯片则专门为其自动驾驶大模型设计,并计划向飞行汽车和机器人领域延伸。相比之下,理想选择了从底层芯片架构进行革新。

Q理想汽车提出的“具身智能汽车”定义包含哪四个部分?

A理想汽车提出的“具身智能汽车”定义为“四位一体”,具体包括:一辆电动车、一位职业司机、一台AI计算机、一位生活助手。这一定义旨在将竞争维度从传统的配置(如冰箱、彩电)升级到系统性的感知、思考和成长能力。

Q理想汽车对其智驾大模型马赫VLA有何重要的公开承诺?

A理想汽车承诺,其智驾大模型马赫VLA将在今年第四季度(Q4)全面对标特斯拉的FSD V14。这是李想用公开承诺倒逼内部执行的一贯风格,也为年底的产品表现设立了一个明确的检验标准。

Q文章指出,理想汽车在财务和销量方面面临哪些挑战?

A文章指出,理想汽车财务面并不轻松:自2025年第四季度以来,营收同比下滑,车业务毛利率明显收窄。在销量方面,理想2026年的目标是55万台,但2025年实际交付40.6万台,且2026年5月单月交付3.3万台,同比仍在下滑。因此,整体盈利和销量增长都面临压力。

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