特朗普叫停AI行政令,监管败给竞争焦虑

marsbitPubblicato 2026-05-22Pubblicato ultima volta 2026-05-22

Introduzione

特朗普政府原计划签署一项人工智能行政令,要求OpenAI、Google等头部AI公司在先进模型发布前90天自愿提交政府进行安全评估。但在签署前数小时,特朗普突然叫停该计划,理由是担心监管会阻碍美国在AI领域的领先地位。这项自愿性评估框架旨在防范模型可能带来的网络安全、金融系统等公共风险,但因产业界担心拖慢创新、削弱对华竞争力而被搁置。民调显示多数美国人支持对AI进行安全测试,但政府内部在安全治理与技术领先之间存在分歧。AI政策已从单纯的技术发展问题,演变为涉及国家安全、经济竞争和政治考量的复杂议题。

编者按:特朗普政府原本试图为前沿 AI 模型建立一道发布前的安全测试机制,但在签署前数小时,这项行政令被突然叫停。

按照原计划,OpenAI、Google、Anthropic、xAI 等头部 AI 公司将在先进模型公开发布前 90 天,自愿向美国政府共享模型,接受国家安全与网络安全风险评估。特朗普最终拒绝批准,理由是「不希望任何事情阻碍美国在 AI 领域的领先地位」。

这场临时转向背后,是美国 AI 政策正在面对的核心矛盾:前沿模型的能力已经开始触及网络安全、金融系统漏洞、就业冲击和数据中心扩张等公共风险,但在中美 AI 竞争被视为国家战略的背景下,任何监管安排又都可能被产业界解读为拖慢创新、削弱美国竞争力。

更微妙的是,这项行政令原本并非强制审批制度,而是一套「协作式、自愿性」的模型评估框架。换言之,白宫并未试图直接控制模型发布,而是希望在模型面向公众开放前,增加一道政府安全测试环节。但即便是这样相对温和的方案,仍在安全治理与技术领先的拉扯中被暂时搁置。

AI 正在从单纯的科技产业议题,进入国家安全、宏观经济和政治治理的交叉地带。美国 AI 政策的争议焦点,也正在从「是否支持 AI 发展」,转向「如何在不牺牲领先优势的情况下,管住前沿模型可能带来的系统性风险」。

以下为原文:

白宫意外推迟了一项外界期待已久的人工智能行政令签署。此前,唐纳德·特朗普表示,他「不喜欢」该计划中的部分内容,尤其是美国政府拟对 AI 模型进行国家安全与网络风险审查的安排。

该行政令原定于周四下午签署。按照计划,OpenAI、Google 和 Anthropic 等头部 AI 公司将自愿承诺,把其模型提交给政府进行审查。

特朗普此次突然转向,发生在美国政府内部围绕监管审查边界持续数周争执之后。

谈及这项行政令时,特朗普表示:「我不喜欢其中某些方面。我们领先中国,也领先所有人,我不希望有任何事情阻碍我们的领先地位。」他还表示,人工智能也「正在带来大量就业」。

在签署仪式被突然推迟之前,多位科技公司首席执行官原本计划前往华盛顿,与特朗普共同出席该活动。

此次推迟签署正值多项民调持续显示,美国选民对人工智能带来的影响感到担忧,其中许多人支持对这一新兴技术实施更严格的监管和安全护栏。

围绕强大 AI 模型开放可能带来的安全影响,公众担忧正在上升;与此同时,AI 对就业的冲击以及大规模数据中心建设带来的争议,也让白宫的政治计算变得更加复杂。此前不久,本届政府对 AI 产业的态度仍明显偏积极。

特朗普的一些盟友曾呼吁,将领先 AI 模型纳入美国政府控制之下;但另一些 MAGA 阵营人士则警告称,任何限制 AI 增长的措施,都可能拖累美国经济。

本月为家庭研究所(Institute for Family Studies)进行的一项民调显示,82% 的美国人支持白宫对先进 AI 模型进行安全测试。

这项行政令的酝酿,源于白宫关键官员此前提前接触了 Anthropic 最新的 Mythos 模型,其中包括财政部长斯科特·贝森特。该模型具备先进能力,可用于发现网络安全漏洞。知情官员表示,该模型暴露出的银行系统漏洞等问题令他们感到震惊。

到目前为止,Anthropic 仅将 Mythos 限定开放给少数受信任机构,包括科技公司和部分银行,以便这些机构在黑客获得该模型访问权限之前,提前发现并修复网络安全问题。

特朗普的国家经济委员会主任凯文·哈塞特曾一度提出,前沿 AI 模型应接受类似药品审批的流程,只有在「被证明安全之后,就像 FDA 批准药物一样」,才能正式发布。

他的这一表态遭到 AI 创始人和投资人的强烈反对,其中包括一些与特朗普政府关系密切的人士。他们认为,类似制度将削弱美国的创新能力。

该行政令远未达到类似审批制度的要求,而是转向建立一套「协作式、自愿性的模型基准评估框架」。周四上午,在原定签署仪式举行前,白宫官员已向记者简要介绍了这项行政令的内容。

根据拟议协议,包括 OpenAI 和 xAI 在内的头部 AI 公司,将在相关模型面向公众发布前 90 天,自愿向政府共享模型。换言之,这一机制最终仍将在很大程度上依赖 AI 公司负责人的配合意愿。

Domande pertinenti

Q特朗普为什么叫停了关于AI模型安全测试的行政令?

A特朗普在签署前数小时叫停了该行政令,主要原因是他不希望有任何事情阻碍美国在AI领域的领先地位。他担心这类安全评估和审查安排可能会拖慢创新,削弱美国相对于中国等国家的竞争优势。

Q被叫停的行政令原本计划建立什么样的AI模型监管机制?

A被叫停的行政令计划建立的是一套「协作式、自愿性」的模型评估框架。它要求OpenAI、Google、Anthropic、xAI等头部AI公司在先进模型公开发布前90天,自愿向美国政府共享模型,以接受国家安全与网络安全风险评估。这并非强制审批制度,旨在增加一道政府安全测试环节。

Q文章中提到的Mythos模型暴露了什么问题,引起了政府官员的担忧?

AAnthropic公司的Mythos模型具备发现网络安全漏洞的先进能力。政府官员(如财政部长斯科特·贝森特)在提前接触该模型后,对其暴露出的银行系统漏洞等问题感到震惊。这凸显了前沿AI模型可能被用于发现和利用关键基础设施漏洞的风险。

Q美国公众对于AI监管的态度如何?文中提到了哪些相关数据?

A文章指出,多项民调显示美国选民对AI的影响感到担忧,并支持实施更严格的监管和安全措施。具体提到的一项由家庭研究所在本月进行的民调显示,82%的美国人支持白宫对先进AI模型进行安全测试。

Q文章认为当前美国AI政策面临的核心矛盾是什么?

A文章认为,美国AI政策的核心矛盾在于:一方面,前沿AI模型的能力已经触及网络安全、金融系统漏洞、就业冲击等公共风险,需要监管;另一方面,在中美AI竞争被视为国家战略的背景下,任何监管安排都可能被产业界解读为拖慢创新、削弱美国的竞争力。政策焦点正从「是否支持AI发展」转向「如何在不牺牲领先优势的情况下,管住系统性风险」。

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