阿联酋退出 OPEC,产油大国的脱轨时刻

marsbitPubblicato 2026-04-30Pubblicato ultima volta 2026-04-30

撰文:哔哔 News

2026 年 4 月 28 日,阿联酋通过国家通讯社 WAM 发布声明,自 5 月 1 日起正式退出石油输出国组织(OPEC)及其扩展联盟 OPEC+。

这个在该组织内待了将近 60 年的成员,日产量约 360 万桶,占 OPEC 总产量的 12% 左右,是继沙特阿拉伯和伊拉克之后的第三大产油国。

退出之后,OPEC 成员国将从 12 个缩减至 11 个,组织在全球原油供给中的份额,也将从此前的约 30% 进一步下滑至 26% 左右。

这是 OPEC 近年来经历的规模最大的一次成员退出事件。

从创始到核心:阿联酋的 60 年

OPEC 最初于 1960 年由伊朗、伊拉克、科威特、沙特阿拉伯和委内瑞拉五国发起,核心目的是协调产量、捍卫石油出口国的共同利益。

1967 年,阿布扎比酋长国以独立身份加入,四年后阿联酋建国继承了这一成员资格。

之后几十年里,阿联酋依托阿布扎比国家石油公司的大规模资本投入,能源版图越做越大,现在探明储量已达 1130 亿桶,位居全球第六,占全球总储量的约 6%。

进入 2020 年代,阿联酋的原油日产量稳定在 360 万桶上下,2022 年一度达到 412 万桶的历史高位附近。

与此同时,阿布扎比国家石油公司持续推进扩产计划,目标是在 2027 年前将产能提升至 500 万桶每日,为此累计投入资金超过 1500 亿美元。

产能越来越大,但能卖出去多少、怎么卖,却不完全由阿联酋自己说了算。

配额与产能之间的长期张力

OPEC 的运转核心是配额机制。

根据成员国的产能、历史产量和市场预判,每个成员被分配生产上限,超出部分在理论上属于违规行为。

这套机制在高油价时期能维持市场稳定,但对于产能扩张较快的成员来说,却是一道隐形的收入天花板。

阿联酋的处境正是如此。最新配额约为每日 341 万桶,而实际产能已接近 485 万桶,中间的缺口约为每日 140 万至 200 万桶。

按照国际油价 70 至 80 美元每桶计算,这部分被压住的产能,每年对应的潜在收入损失在 460 亿至 580 亿美元之间。

阿联酋与 OPEC 之间的矛盾,最集中地爆发在 2021 年。

彼时新冠疫情后需求开始反弹,OPEC 内部讨论是否继续减产,阿联酋明确拒绝接受现有配额,要求将基准从 320 万桶提升至 380 万桶。

谈判僵持长达两周,最终沙特允许阿联酋将配额上调至 365 万桶。

此后,阿联酋在执行层面开始出现常态化的超额生产,超出配额几十万桶的日产量在 2024 年已成惯例。

退出之前已有先例

在 OPEC 的历史上,成员退出并不是新鲜事。

印度尼西亚在 1962 年加入,之后经历过退出和重新加入,最终于 2016 年再度离开。

厄瓜多尔于 2019 年退出。

卡塔尔在成为全球最大液化天然气出口国之后,于 2019 年宣布离开,理由是将战略重心转向天然气而非石油。

安哥拉于 2024 年退出,原因同样是对配额分配不满。

但阿联酋的体量与这些国家不在同一个量级。

卡塔尔退出时日产量约为 60 万桶,安哥拉约为 110 万桶,而阿联酋接近 360 万桶,是此前历次退出成员产量总和的数倍。

这是因为阿联酋的经济多元化程度更高,对高油价平衡财政预算的依赖没有沙特那么强,因此更倾向于以量取胜而非以价取胜。

战争打乱了节奏,但不是根本原因

2026 年 2 月 28 日,美国和以色列对伊朗发起军事打击,由此引发的冲突迅速波及整个海湾地区。

霍尔木兹海峡,全球最重要的石油运输通道,正常情况下承载着全球约五分之一的原油和液化天然气过境,但随着冲突升级,这条海峡实际上陷入关闭状态。

阿联酋的出口几乎立刻受到重创。虽然建有一条绕过霍尔木兹海峡的陆上管道,最大输送能力约为 180 万桶每日,但这远不足以弥补海运中断造成的损失。

2026 年 3 月,它的原油日产量骤降至约 190 万至 234 万桶,较战前的 360 万桶下降幅度达到约 35% 至 47%。相比之下,沙特同期降幅约为 23%,伊朗作为冲突一方,产量才下降 6% 左右。

国际能源署的数据显示,OPEC+ 在全球石油产量中的份额,从 2026 年 2 月的约 48% 下滑至 3 月的 44%,4 月预计继续下降,5 月将随着阿联酋正式退出而进一步缩减。

霍尔木兹海峡的中断是一个催化剂,但它不过是催化剂。

阿联酋能源部长苏海勒·马兹鲁伊明确表示,这个决定是在对阿联酋石油生产政策及当前和未来产能进行全面评估后作出的,政策层面的考量早于当前的地缘冲突。

OPEC 的结构将发生什么变化

评估阿联酋退出对 OPEC 的实际意义,核心指标是闲置产能。

闲置产能是指短时间内可以快速投入使用的备用产量,是石油市场在供给冲击时期最重要的稳定器。全球范围内,有效的闲置产能总量约为每日 400 万至 500 万桶,其中相当大的比例集中在沙特阿拉伯和阿联酋两国。

退出之后,这一部分阿联酋的闲置产能将不再受 OPEC 配额约束,能够独立于组织的决策体系之外运作。

阿联酋是 OPEC 内部除沙特以外唯一具备实质性闲置产能的成员,退出之后的 OPEC 整体控产能力将下降,再加上非 OPEC 产油国特别是美国的持续增产,协调供给的操作空间将进一步收窄。

美国目前的日产量超过 1300 万桶,高于沙特的约 900 万桶,近年来已令 OPEC 的议价地位明显下滑。

现在沙特将成为 OPEC 内部几乎唯一拥有大规模闲置产能的成员,管理市场的担子更重,但可动员的支援力量却更少。

退出宣布当天,油价怎么动了

消息公布当天,布伦特原油期货先是短暂回落,随后仍较前一日收盘价上涨约 2%,当日报价在每桶 111 美元上方。

霍尔木兹海峡目前仍处于实际封锁状态,阿联酋短期内无法实质性增加出口量,退出 OPEC 对即期供给的影响接近于零。油价整体仍被地缘风险主导,较 2026 年 2 月战前水平高出 50% 以上。

但从中长期看,一旦海峡恢复正常,阿联酋的独立增产预期将对价格构成下行压力。

期货市场对于中长期的反应相对审慎。如果阿联酋兑现其 500 万桶每日的产能目标并大幅增产,新增供给约占全球需求的 1% 至 2%,这个量级在供需均衡时期,足以影响价格走势。

阿联酋下一步的增产路线

退出之后,阿联酋在产量决策上可以自己决定,不再受配额约束。增产的节奏和幅度,主要看霍尔木兹海峡何时重新开放、阿布扎比国家石油公司的产能建设进度,以及全球主要消费市场的需求状况。

阿布扎比国家石油公司过去几年一直扩大上游投资,可采产能已接近 485 万桶每日。2027 年 500 万桶每日的目标早就定下,退出的真正意义,在于让这一产能不受限制地释放到市场上。

阿联酋还拥有一条哈巴山管道,连接内陆油田与富查伊拉港,绕过霍尔木兹海峡进入阿曼湾,最大日输送能力约为 150 万 -180 万桶。在海峡尚未恢复正常通行的情况下,这条管道是阿联酋目前有限的出口通道,但还不足以支撑全面增产。

世界银行的报告指出,伊朗冲突造成的石油供给损失规模是有记录以来最大的一次,预计今年全球能源价格将平均上涨约四分之一,估计需要六个月的时间,海峡可恢复到战前水平。

这一时间窗口,也将是阿联酋调整节奏、全面增产的关键窗口。

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